Greetings all
The desription below (from our AMA rulebook) in addition to the Judges training guide used at our US NATs. is the only ones that should be used by any judge working an AMA contest in CL Precision Aerobatics.
Unless there is a pre annouced differant system being used.
It is VERY important to try and keep a "universal" set of guidelines that can be used all over the US. and NOT to have lapses back into regional or state interpretations of the rules. This is NOT directed at any one person so please take this post as it was, and is intended to help us all keep the rules the same for everyone.
There has been thousands of hours put in by many many people trying to help us get and keep Cl Stunt judging consistant from state to state.
Regards
Randy Smith
13.1. Takeoff. A correct takeoff consists of
the model rolling smoothly along the ground for a
distance of not less than 4.5 meters (14.8 feet), but
not greater than one quarter of a lap. The model then
rises smoothly into the air with a gradual climb and a
smooth level-off to normal flight level over the point
at which the model commenced its ground roll. The
model continues on for two (2) smooth laps of
normal level flight to point of original level-off.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: The model bounces or becomes airborne too
soon, or too late. Takeoff, climb or level-off is not
gradual and is smooth. Level-off occurs too soon, or
too late. Level-off and normal flight level are not
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within a height of 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet).
13.2. Reverse Wingovers (One Required).
Correct reverse wingovers are judged when the
model starts from normal flight level, makes a
vertical climb and dive, passing directly over the
flier’s head, cutting the ground circle in half, and
recovers in an inverted position at normal flight level.
The model continues for half a lap inverted, to the
starting point, then makes a vertical climb and dive
over the center of the circle from inverted flight,
recovers at normal flight level. All turns to and from
normal level flights shall be of approximately 1.5
meters (4.9 feet) radius.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: First half: The model starts at other than
normal flight level, wobbles when going into climb
or turn exceeds 2.1 meters (6.9 feet) radius. The
model does not cross directly over the flier’s head.
The model does not cross the circle in a straight line.
The model wobbles or recovers at other than normal
flight level in an inverted position or turn exceeds 2.1
meters (6.9 feet) radius. The model does not cut the
circle in the same position and direction in the second
part of the maneuver. Second half: Scored same as
first half, reversing the entry and recovery positions.
13.3. Consecutive Inside Loops (Three (3)
Required). Correct loops are judged when the model
starts from normal flight level and makes a series of
three (3) smooth, round loops, all in the same place
with the bottoms of the loops at normal flight level
and the tops of the loops with the line(s) at 45
degrees elevation. The model then continues for
another half loop, recovering inverted and descending
to normal flight level, flying two (2) laps before
being judged for inverted flight. Maximum 40
points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Loops are rough and irregular (i.e., egg -
shaped, hexagonal, etc.). Bottoms of loops are not at
1.2–1.8 meters (3.9–5.9 feet) height. Tops of loops
vary more than 0.6 meter (2 feet), plus or minus, of
the 45 degrees elevation point. Second and third
loops vary more than 0.6 meter (2 feet) from the path
of the first loop.
13.4. Inverted Flight (Two (2) Laps).
Correct inverted flight is judged when the model
makes two (2) smooth, stable laps at normal flight
level.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Height is not 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—
5.9 feet). Height varies more than 0.6 meter (2 feet).
13.5. Consecutive Outside Loops (Three
(3) required). Correct loops are judged when the
model starts from inverted position at normal flight
level and makes a series of three (3) smooth, round
loops, all in the same place, with the bottoms of the
loops at normal flight level and the tops of the loops
with the line(s) at 45 degrees elevation. The model
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then continues for another half loop, recovering at
normal flight level.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Loops are rough and irregular (i.e., eggshaped,
hexagonal, etc.) Bottoms are not at 1.2—1.8
meter (3.9—5.9 feet) height. Tops of loops vary more
than 0.6 meter (2 feet), plus or minus, of the 45
degrees elevation point. Second and third loops vary
more than 0.6 meter (2 feet) from the path of the first
loop.
13.6. Consecutive Inside Square Loops
(Two (2) required). Consecutive inside square loops
are judged correct when the model starts from normal
flight level and flies a square course consisting of
two (2) loops, each with four (4) inside turns of
approximately 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) radius and
straight sized segments with bottom segments at
normal flight level and top segments as inverted level
flight at 45 degrees elevation. The two (2) bottom
corners are equal and so are the two (2) top corners.
The maneuver begins and ends with the model in
level flight at the point of start of the first turn.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Model wobbles on turns. Lower height is not
between 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet). Upper
height is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of the 45
degrees elevation point. Turns are not precise and
exceed 2.1 meters (6.9 feet) radius. Sides of loops are
not equal. Second loop is not in the same flight path
as the first loop.
13.7. Consecutive Outside Square Loops
(Two (2) required). Consecutive outside square loops
are judged correct when the model starts from level
flight at 45 degrees elevation and flies a square
course (starting with a vertical dive) consisting of
two (2) loops, each with four (4) outside turns of
approximately 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) radius and
straight equal sized segments with bottom segments
inverted at normal flight level and top segments as
level flight at 45 degrees elevation. The two (2)
bottom corners are equal and so are the two (2) top
corners. The maneuver begins and ends with the
model in level flight at the point of start of the first
turn. The model recovers into normal level flight.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Model wobbles on turns. Lower height is not
within 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet). Upper height
is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of the 45 degrees
elevation point. Turns are not precise and exceed 2.1
meters (6.9 feet) radius. Sides of loops are not equal.
Second loop is not in the same flight path as the first
loop.
13.8. Consecutive Inside Triangular
Loops
(Two (2) required). Correct triangular loops are
judged when the model starts from normal level
flight and flies a triangular course, starting at the base
turn. The three (3) sides of equal length and the three
(3) corner angles of equal size. The top corner must
be placed at 45 degree elevation. The second
triangular loop must be flown in the same flight path
as the first one. All corners must be smooth, precise
and of approximately 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) radius.
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Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Model starts at a height other than between
1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet). Turns are rough and
wobbly or exceed 2.1 meters (6.9 feet) radius. Peak
of second turns is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of the
45 degrees elevation point. Sides are wobbly and not
equal in length. Second loop is not in the same flight
path of the first loop.
13.9. Horizontal Eights (Two (2) required).
Horizontal eights are to be entered and completed at
the intersection point of the circles and exit at the
same point. The inside loop must be flown first.
Correct eights are judged when the model makes two
(2) eights, each consisting of two (2) round circles or
loops of the same size, tangent to each other, and in
a horizontal line. The model must enter the eight
from normal flight level and be vertical at the
intersection point of tangency of the circles. The
eights must be symmetrical. At the top of each circle
the model must be at the 45 degrees elevation point;
the bottoms of circles must be at normal flight level.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Model is not vertical at entry. Model at top
of circles is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of 45
degrees elevation point. Bottoms of circles are not
within 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet) height. Loops
are not round and equal in size. Point of intersection
varies. Second eight is not in the same position as
the first.
13.10. Square Horizontal Eights (Two (2)
required). The eight is to be entered in the direction
of the climbing sides of the loops, and after
completion of two (2) eights the exit is made in the
same direction. The inside loop must be flown first.
Correct eights are judged when the model starts a
vertical climb and makes a modified inside square
loop followed by a modified outside square loop
ending with a vertical climb at the same point. The
loops are modified so their climbing sides are
vertical, and the loops are tangent to each other along
these sides, and the turns starting and ending the
climbs are 90 degrees. The top sides are slightly
shorter than the remaining sides which are of equal
length. The maneuver is repeated to form two (2)
eights. Tops of loops must be at 45 degrees elevation,
bottom of loops must be at normal flight level, and all
turns must be smooth, precise, and of approximately
1.5 meters (4.9 feet) radius.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Corners exceed 2.1 meters (6.9 feet) radius.
Sides are not straight. Vertical sides and bottom sides
are not equal in length. Loops are not equal in size.
Top and bottom sides are not horizontal. Turns
starting and ending the climbs are not 90 degrees.
Tops of loops are not within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of 45
degrees elevation. Bottom of loops are not within
1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet) in height. The
position of the climbing side varies. Second eight is
not in the same position as the first one.
13.11. Vertical Eights (Two (2) required).
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Vertical eights are to be started at the point of 45
degrees elevation and finished at the same point in
inverted flight. The inside loop must be flown first.
Correct eights are judged when the model makes two
(2) eights, each consisting of two (2) round circles or
loops of the same size, tangent to each other, and in
a vertical line. The model must be horizontal at the
intersection point of tangency of the circles. The
eights must be symmetrical, the top of the eights at a
point 90 degrees over the flier’s head, and the bottom
of the eights at normal flight level. Maximum 40
points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Model is not horizontal at entry. Entry is not
within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of the 45 degrees elevation
point. Tops of eights are not within 0.6 meters (2
feet) of the 90 degree point. Bottoms of eights are not
at a height between 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet).
Loops are not round and equal in size. Point of
intersection varies. Second eight is not in the same
position as the first.
13.12. Hourglass Figure (One (1) required).
The correct hourglass figure is judged when the
model starts from normal flight level and flies an
hourglass course starting with an abrupt turn
followed by an inverted climb, turns into a wingover
path across the circle center for a distance equal to
half the total climb, turns into an inverted dive, and
recovers at normal flight level. The flight paths of the
climb and the dive cross at 45 degrees elevation. The
four rounded corners of the figure shall have a radius
of approximately 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) and the flight
path forms two (2) equilateral triangles of equal size,
turned peak to peak, and one (1) in vertical line above
the other.
Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Maneuver starts at other than the normal
flight level of 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet). Turns
are rough and wobbly or exceed 2.1 meters (6.9 feet)
radius. Top of figure is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet)
of the 90 degrees position over the pilot’s head.
Triangle segments are not of equal length. The
maneuver is not symmetrical around the vertical line
through the crossing point at 45 degrees elevation.
Recovery is not at normal flight level of 1.2—1.8
meters (3.9—5.9 feet).
13.13. Overhead Figure Eights (Two (2)
required). Overhead eights are to be entered and
completed at the intersection point of the circles,
directly over the flier’s head, and exit from the same
point. The inside loop must be flown first. Correct
overhead eights are judged when the model makes
two (2) eights, each consisting of two (2) round
circles of the same size, with the intersection or point
of tangency directly over the flier’s head. The model
must enter the eights with a vertical climb through
the center of the circle, and must always point in this
direction at the center of the eights. The eights must
be symmetrical and the model at the lowest point of
each circle must be at a point of 45 degrees elevation.
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Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Model is not vertically overhead at entry.
Low point of circles is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet)
of the 45 degrees elevation point. Loops are not
round and equal in size. Point of intersection varies.
Second eight is not in the same position as the first.
13.14. Four Leaf Clover (One (1)
required). The maneuver is entered from level flight
at approximately 42 degrees elevation, and consists
of one (1) full inside loop, level flight, three-fourths
(3/4) of an outside loop, vertical climb, three-fourths
(3/4) of an outside loop, level inverted flight, threefourths
(3/4) of an inside loop, and a vertical climb.
The right loops are tangent to the left loops along a
vertical plane of symmetry through the center of the
clover leaf, and the bottom loops are tangent to the
top loops. The loops are of equal size and they are
connected by horizontal and vertical flight paths. The
bottom points of the maneuver shall be at 1.5 meters
(4.9 feet) height, and the top shall be tangent to the
vertical plane through the circle center. When the last
loop is performed, the maneuver is made complete
by a vertical climb through the center of the four leaf
clover. Maximum 40 points. Minimum 10 points.
Errors: Entry is not within 0.6 meter (2 feet) of 42
degrees elevation point. Loops are rough or not of
equal size. Paths connecting loops are not properly
horizontal or vertical according to the maneuver
sketch. Bottoms of lower loops are not at a height
between 1.2—1.8 meters (3.9—5.9 feet). Tops of
upper loops are not within 1.2 meters (3.9 feet) of the
vertical plane through the circle center. Loops are not
properly tangential to form a square pattern. Model
recovers before it has flown vertically through the
clover pattern.
13.15. Landing. A correct landing is judged
when the model descends smoothly to land with no
bounce or unusual roughness, and without any part of
the model other than the landing gear having touched
the ground. Main wheel(s) or three-point landings are
permissible. The duration of the flight ends when the
model rolls to a stop. Maximum 40 points. Minimum
0 points. Note: Illustrations are for anticlockwise
flight and are reversed for clockwise flying.
Errors: An error is committed whenever the model
bounces or when any part of the model other than the
landing gear touches the ground. A crash, or a flip
over, a belly or upside down landing receives no
marks. An error occurs each time the model deviates
from a smooth descent. Any unusual circumstances,
outside the pilot’s control, which may have caused
one of the above mentioned errors will be taken into
consideration by the judges. Note: It is permissible to
extend (by whipping) the descent, to achieve the
minimum two (2) laps between maneuvers, to
maintain eligibility for pattern points.
14. Judging Procedures.
14.1. Purpose. This Judges’ Instructions
document is an aid to judging and marking Control
Line Precision Aerobatics competitions. It should be
used both for the training of potential judges, and for
maintaining the proficiency of judges who are
already practicing. This document forms part of
Section 4 of the FAI Sporting Code applicable to
Class F2B Aerobatics.
14.2. AMA Rules and Maneuver Rules
Knowledge. The primary requirements for fair,
accurate, and consistent judging are:
14.2.1. A clear understanding of all of the
applicable regulations and definitions within the
complete AMA rules;
14.2.2. An in-depth and fully detailed
knowledge of all of the current Precision Aerobatics
maneuver Rules;
14.2.3. A fully detailed knowledge of this
complete Judging Instructions document.
Self-study of all of the above points is a
must, as is regular detailed group training at both
classroom
42◦ Elev
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and flight venues in the practical application of all of
the above points to the judging of high quality
Precision Aerobatics competition flights. It is
stressed that individual “interpretation” of the intent
and/or meaning of the AMA rules is strongly
discouraged —the purpose of these Judging
Instructions is to eliminate any need for such
“interpretation” by individuals.
14.3. Terminology.
14.3.1. In all of the following maneuver
marking instructions, the descriptions have been
written from the viewing point of the pilot and not of
the judges; and all the following descriptions use
“two-dimensional” terms on the basis that while it is
known that model aircraft actually fly hemispherical
arcs, the real judging task is to mark maneuvers such
as Square Loops (for example) on the basis of what
can be most easily and clearly described in writing as
“straight line” flight paths. Rather than using terms
which are geometrically accurate but which may
create confusion, all the maneuver descriptions in this
document therefore use terms which express the
meaning of the AMA Rules and explain the judges’
marking tasks as clearly and as simply as possible.
14.3.2. The following “everyday English”
terms appear but are used throughout this document
in a specific way:
Term: Definition:
Maneuver Means the full total of figures and segments necessary to complete the marked “flying
exercise” listed in the Rulebook under a single Rule number. Examples: the Take-off
(Rule 13.1.); the Three Consecutive Inside Loops (Rule 13.3.); and the One Four-leaf
Clover (Rule 13.14.). These are all referred to in this document as a single maneuver.
Note that each maneuver listed in the Rulebook has a Rule number.
Figure Means a shape which makes up a separate, recognizable whole portion of a complete
maneuver. For example, the first loop of the Three Consecutive Inside Loops
(Rule13.3.) is referred to as a figure in this document; but the first loop which makes
the first half of the first complete figure eight in the Two Overhead Figure Eights
(Rule13.13.) is not referred to as a figure in this document.
Segment Means a specifically defined part of a figure (or a maneuver) during which the judge is
required to observe certain particular detail points. For example, the Two Consecutive
Inside Square Loops maneuver (Rule 13.6.). This document has divided that maneuver
into two separate figures (the first and second loops) and the first loop has also been
subdivided into four separate segments for judges to observe specific detail points.
Upright Means that the model aircraft is flying in its “normal” attitude (that is: with its main
landing gear wheels nearest to the ground).
Inverted Means that the model aircraft is in an attitude reversed from upright flight
(colloquially: the model aircraft is “flying on its back” or is “flying upside-down”).
Vertical Means at right angles (perpendicular) to the ground over which the flying takes place.
This word is marked with quotation marks throughout this document as a constant
reminder to judges that the requirement of the Rulebook is for model aircraft to fly at
right angles to the ground, even if that ground is not level and/or has a perceptible
slope.
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Horizontal Means parallel to the ground over which the flying takes place. This word is marked
with quotation marks throughout this document as a constant reminder to judges that
the requirement of the Rulebook is for model aircraft to fly parallel to the ground, even
if that ground is not level and/or has a perceptible slope.
Straight Line Means the closest distance between two points when shown in two dimensions. These
words are marked with quotation marks throughout this document as a constant
reminder to judges that the judging requirement in all the Square and Triangular
maneuvers (for example) is to observe a number of turns (“corners”) which should be
joined by flight paths which appear to be straight lines when the judges are positioned
correctly and when the competitor positions the model aircraft as required in the
relevant maneuver Rules.
Momentarily or
Momentary
Used throughout this document in their original definition sense—that is: something
which lasts only for a very brief period of time. So (for example) the very short period
during which the model aircraft is required to be in a vertically banked “knife-edge”
attitude above the competitor’s head during the Two Overhead Figure Eights
maneuver (Rule 13.13.) is described in this text as “momentarily.”
Lateral
Reference
Means an imaginary line drawn upwards from the ground at right angles. The judges
should use this as the reference point when observing the size, positioning, symmetry,
and superimposing of figures and maneuvers being judged. As required by individual
maneuver Rules, the text may refer to a lateral reference, to a lateral reference line, or
to a lateral reference point. In this last case the text will also define the specific point
(height) on the imaginary line at which the lateral reference point is to be located.
Wingover Path Means the vertically banked (“knife-edge”) flight path segment defined as part of the
One Reverse Wingover maneuver Rule 13.2., see 14.24.4.
When words appear in quotation marks with italics script in the following text, this means that they have
been taken directly from the relevant maneuver Rule.
14.4. Judging focus. In order to get
complete picture of each maneuver, judges should
focus their attention on four major aspects:
14.4.1. Shape. This is the form or outline of
the entire maneuver, but shape also relates to the
position of each of the figures making up a complete
maneuver. In maneuvers consisting of repeated
multiple figures (for example: the Four Leaf Clover),
an important criteria is that the shape of each
individual figure is consistently the same for each
repetition. All maneuvers should be of the shape
defined in the various maneuver Rules—that is:
round loops should be round with no flat spots;
square maneuvers should have clearly defined
corners connected by “straight line” flight paths;
consecutive maneuvers should be performed with the
second and subsequent maneuvers all positioned in
exactly the same place as the first (superimposed).
● 14.4.2. Size. Maneuver sizes are defined
in the Rules by specifying line elevation angle
(specified in degrees of arc above the normal 1.5
meters (4.9 feet) upright level flight height). Judges
should watch for maneuvers being flown with their
tops above or below the specified 45 degrees, 42
degrees, and 90 degrees line elevation angles—and as
a result of such errors, judges should also watch for
complete figures which are either larger or smaller
than the line elevation angle specified in the relevant
Rule. All such errors should be downgraded in the
marks awarded by judges. The use of visible fixed
terrain reference points at each site to help judges
“fix into memory” both the 1.5 meters (4.9 feet)
normal upright and inverted level flight height, and
45 degrees lateral angle (1/8 lap) is recommended.
Contest organizers are also encouraged to erect
suitable markers at contest sites to assist judges,
particularly at sites where suitable natural fixed
features are limited. Judges should practice using the
available terrain features, plus any erected markers, at
each competition site during the calibration flight
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sessions held before the start of each particular
competition (see also 14.15.).
14.4.3. Intersections. The judging (and
therefore the marking) of the intersections between
the various elements of complex maneuvers is also
made easier if judges use fixed terrain reference
marks to “fix into memory” the visual position of the
model aircraft when it passes an intersection point for
the first time in a maneuver, and then compare that
“locked-in” point with the position of the model
aircraft when it comes to the same intersection point
at later stages of the same maneuver. As in 14.4.2.
above, the erection of suitable markers is encouraged
to assist this practice, particularly at sites which lack
suitable fixed terrain reference points (see 14.15.).
● 14.4.4. Bottoms. Normal upright level
flight and inverted level flight is specified in the
maneuver Rules as being required to be flown at a
height 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), often with an allowed
tolerance of plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot). These
occasions are all clearly described in the following
descriptions and judges should mark accordingly,
as per 14.6., 14.9.2., and 14.9.3.
14.5. General comments regarding the
marking of maneuvers. Although model aircraft fly
on the surface of a hemisphere, from the pilot’s
perspective all maneuvers are flown in plane
geometry —because all points on the surface of a
hemisphere are at an equal distance from the pilot,
the pilot sees all maneuvers as if they were drawn on
a flat sheet of paper. From their position outside
the circle, judges are, firstly, not in the ideal position
to view maneuvers, and secondly, they also usually
view maneuvers from a point which is not directly
opposite the center line axis of each maneuver.
Therefore the judges’ marking tasks include a large
element of personal analysis and situational
awareness that should take their own (less than ideal)
viewing position into consideration when awarding
marks. There are however a number of precise
definitions within the maneuver Rules which judges
must assess accurately if they are to award fair and
consistent marks. These are:
●14.5.1. Recognition of level flight altitude
of
1.5
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meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot).
14.5.2. Recognition of 45 degrees line
elevation height, plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot).
14.5.3. Recognition of 42 degrees line
elevation height, plus/minus 30 cm ( 1 foot).
14.5.4. Recognition of a position directly
overhead the center of the flight circle, plus/minus 60
cm (2 feet).
14.5.5. Recognition of “vertical” climbing
and diving flight paths.
14.5.6. Recognition of a “horizontal” flight
path..
● 14.5.7. Recognition of “maximum 2.1
meter (6.9 feet) radius” as an abrupt change of
direction with the resulting requirement for the
model aircraft to fly a very tight corner (see all
14.7).
14.5.8. Recognition of the correct “Start”
and “Stop” points specified in the Rule for each
maneuver (as highlighted within the description of
each maneuver in this document by means of
“Start judging at…” and “Stop judging at…”
sections).
14.5.9. Recognition of the fact that all the
above “dimensions” are specified as measured
from the pilot’s viewing point, with due allowance
to be made by judges for model aircraft flown on
different line lengths and for the difference
between the pilot’s position and the judges’ actual
viewing position/s.
14.6. Judging objective errors. Provided
that throughout all the judged laps the model aircraft
remains inside the tolerance defined in the rules and
provided that it tracks smoothly without any visible
height changes (that is, no “hunting”) throughout, no
downgraded mark should be awarded. A flight track
which slightly exceeds the stated tolerance (such as
flying 40 cm [1.3 feet] off the flight track where
plus/minus 30 cm [1 foot] is required) should be
considered as a “minor” error which would cause the
judge to award a mark downgraded by 1 point. Flying
off the defined flight track by as much as twice the
defined tolerance should be considered as a
“medium” error, resulting in the award of a mark
downgraded by 2 points. Errors of three times the
defined tolerance from the defined flight track should
be considered as “major” resulting in the award of
marks downgraded by 3 points. In order to use this
method successfully, judges must be trained to
recognize flight path deviations of 30 cm (1 foot) and
60 cm (2 feet) at a viewing distance of approximately
45 meters (140 feet), and this will require relevant
and repeated demonstrations to train judges to be
able to readily gauge such measurements. Such
training is highly recommended for all judges, and
such training should also emphasize the varying
tolerances defined in the Rule for each maneuver and
for each segment of each figure of each maneuver.
See also 14.9.2. and 14.9.3.
14.7. Judging subjective errors.
14.7.1. “Wobbles,” etc; A phrase such as
“the model aircraft wobbles during a turn” is
subjective, and the degree to which the model aircraft
wobbles cannot be measured. Similarly, Rules
statements such as “…the model aircraft makes two
smooth, stable laps…” are difficult to apply when
faced with the task of translating a certain lack of
smoothness into an actual mark to be awarded to a
competitor. As a basic guide, judges should consider
terms such as stability and smoothness to be
conditions defined by the absence of “wobbles,”
“jerks,” and/or “hunting.” Therefore “wobbles,”
“jerks,” and/or “hunting” are errors, and each judge
should decide on the extent of each such error seen
and should award a downgraded mark accordingly to
the severity of each of these errors that he/she has
observed. See also 14.9.2. and 14.9.3.
● 14.7.2. Turn radii; Similarly, judges
should recognize that the intent of the Rulebook
regarding corner radii in maneuvers such as Square
Loops, Square Eights, Triangles, etc. is that model
aircraft should turn as sharply (tightly) as possible.
Therefore, although it is not possible for judges to
accurately measure whether or not a model aircraft
has or has not made a turn of between 1.5 (4.9 feet)
and 2.1 meters (6.9 feet) radius, the intent of the
Sporting Code is clearly that model aircraft should
turn as tightly as possible when making such turns.
Therefore judges should award the highest marks to
model aircraft turning the tightest (sharpest) corners
(provided that the required line elevation angles
and/or the model aircraft’s pitch angles have also
been achieved) and they should award the lowest
marks to model aircraft making the largest (softest)
such turns.
14.8. Error interpretation; Each maneuver
Rule states which errors shall be considered as errors
but nothing is written about the relative importance
of those errors. The judges’ task is therefore twofold
in this respect—first, he/she has to count the total
number of errors committed,—second, he/she must
also decide on the extent to which each of those
errors has deviated from the standard specified in
each maneuver Rule. As a general principle it
therefore follows that a maneuver which is flown
with a large number of major errors should result in
judges awarding a lower mark than for a maneuver
which is flown with a very large number of errors,
although each of those errors may be individually
judged as being only a minor deviation from the
maneuver Rule, it could be quite correct to award a
lower score for that maneuver than for another
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maneuver which is flown with only a few errors, but
where each of those errors is individually judged as
being a major deviation from the maneuver Rule.
This is precisely one of the skills that judges are
expected to develop and apply! Error interpretation
should be used as a guide and training tool for all
judging See also 14.9.2. and 14.9.3.
14.9. Awarding marks.
14.9.1. Segmented and multiple maneuvers;
Many maneuvers have been described in this
document as consisting of several figures, and in
many of those maneuvers those figures have in turn
been broken down into separate segments for judging
purposes. But all these segments and figures should
be combined to result in the award of only a single
mark for the complete maneuver. In addition, many
maneuvers detailed in the maneuver Rules consist of
multiple (repeated) figures. Once again judges should
award only a single mark for each such maneuver
(for example: the Three Consecutive Inside Loops;
the Two Horizontal Square Eights; etc.).
14.9.2. Principles of marking; Judges
should only score (mark) maneuvers between the
points “Start judging at…” and “Stop judging at…”
as set out in each of the maneuver descriptions in this
document. When the model aircraft reaches the “Start
judging at…” point for each maneuver, each judge
should assume that the maneuver will be flown
within all the “dimensions” and other requirements
defined in the relevant maneuver Rule. (This
maneuver would of course mean that the judge
should award the full maximum available 40 points if
he/she has seen no errors by the time the maneuver is
completed). But as the model aircraft proceeds
through the maneuver, each judge will (usually)
observe some deviation from the maneuver Rule
requirements, so he/she should then mentally deduct
point/s from the potential maximum of 40 points
whenever a deviation is seen. The number of points
to be deducted for each error by each judge will of
course depend on whether judgment as to whether
each of those deviations is a “minor” error, a
“medium” error, or a “major” error, as described in
14.6. above. So after the model aircraft has reached
the “Stop judging at…” point for each maneuver, the
judges’ task is then to total all the points which have
been mentally deducted during the maneuver, and the
final mark to be entered into the score sheet is simply
the maximum available 40 points, minus the total of
all the points mentally deducted by the judge while
the maneuver was being flown. This deduction
method, while not easy to learn, and while requiring a
considerable amount of instruction and practice, does
offer the advantage of coming very close to
producing repeatable results when using a consistent
marking bandwidth for weighting each error seen.
Judges’ Observations: Mark awarded:
Nil deviations from
Sporting Code
“dimensions”
=Mark 40 points
And requirements
seen:
Very few minor errors
seen:
=Marks range 39-
34(Note 1)
Few and/or
errors seen:
minor =Marks range 33-
26(Note 2)
More and/or medium
errors seen:
=Marks range 25-
18(Note 2)
Many and/or major
errors seen:
=Marks range 17-
10(Note 3)
14.9.3. Marking bandwidth. The following
scale of Marks is listed to provide judges with a
practical tool application to principles in 14.9.2.
above:
Notes for marking bandwidth table:
Note 1: The number of points actually
awarded for each maneuver will be dependant upon
the total number of errors seen by each judge and
whether or not each judge decides that these are all
minor errors only.
Note 2: The number of points actually
awarded for each maneuver will be dependant upon
the total number of errors seen by each judge and the
extent to which each judge decides that each error is
either a minor or a medium or a major deviation from
the maneuver Rule.
Note 3: As per Note 2, but the mark 0 (zero)
points should be reserved for maneuvers which are
not attempted at all.
Judges should use the entire Marks
bandwidth available as above. This means awarding a
Mark of 40 points to any maneuver where the judge
does not observe any of the errors listed in the
maneuver Rules and/or in this Judging Instructions
document—such as an Inverted Flight maneuver
where the model aircraft remains truly stable and
without “hunting” inside the allowed height tolerance
of plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot) throughout all judged
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laps. But as an example of the opposite extreme, the
Square Eights maneuver which is flown with line
elevation angles of over 60 degrees, with “soft”
corners, with angled sides, with slanted tops, with
pullouts which are both too high and too low, and
with intersections which are missed by several meters
(in other words, a maneuver which is barely
recognizable), should be awarded a mark of perhaps
10 to 15 points. Note once more the comments in
paragraph 14.8.
It should also be noted that since nothing
written anywhere in the Rulebook defines terms such
as general impression and flying style, accurate and
repeatable marking really depends “only” (!) upon
each judge deciding on the total number of errors
committed and the degree to which each error has
deviated from the flight track defined in each
maneuver Rule. This includes subjective elements,
where (apart from stability, which can be marked as
discussed in 14.7.), the reality is that each
competitor’s score should depend “simply” (!) and
solely upon the total number of all the errors
observed by each judge, coupled with each judges’
decision as to the degree of severity of each of those
errors.
14.10. Consideration of external factors.
With the exceptions mentioned in Landing (Rule
13.15.), “normal” external factors should not in any
way affect the marks awarded by judges. So it is not
permitted for judges’ marks to allow for the effects of
gusty winds in marking any phase of any maneuver,
except during the ground rollout phase of the
Landing maneuver—for example, if a sudden fierce
gust of wind coming from behind the model aircraft
causes it to flip over or tip onto its nose during the
last part of the ground rollout.
This therefore means that factors such as
wind, turbulence, gusts, and any other factors outside
the competitor’s control should not normally
influence the marks awarded by the judges. However,
some individual exceptions to this general
observation may occur occasionally—for example, a
safety-related exception should be imminent danger
of electrocution by thunderstorm. Exceptions should
also be made where a completely “accidental”
incident prevents the proper execution of a maneuver
or forces a competitor to abandon a maneuver or a
flight altogether (for example), an animal wandering
into the flight circle). In cases where the head judge
feels that such external factors have influenced the
result of a competition flight, he should use his
discretion and authority to recommend that the
Contest Director grant a reflight.
14.11. Judging a maneuver missed by a
judge. If a judge misses the observation of a
maneuver for any
reason, he or she should not mark an estimated
“typical” mark for the missed maneuver. Instead the
judge who missed the maneuver should clearly write
an “X” symbol on his/her score sheet in the space for
the mark for the maneuver which has been missed.
This symbol should then alert the scores tabulating
team to use a procedure which calculates the average
of the marks for the maneuver as awarded by all the
other judges. This calculated average mark should
then be entered into the missing mark “X” area by the
scores tabulating team before they proceed with
further processing of all the remaining marks from
that flight.
14.12. Results awareness. In order to
prevent influence of any kind, no judge shall look at
tabulated results scores and/or at competitors
placings until after the completion of a competition.
Neither should judges discuss individual official
flights, the execution of maneuvers, and/or the marks
awarded (and/or the tabulated results and scores),
with anyone at all during the whole competition,
including other judges, competitors, or team
managers. The head judge should ensure that all
members of the Judges’ Panel observe these
requirements throughout the competition.
14.13. Judges’ preparations to be made at
Competition Sites. Well before the start of official
competition flights, the head judge should meet the
competition organizer and Event Director to define
and/or verify:
14.13.1. Head judge in charge.
14.13.2. Classification procedures.
14.13.3. Score calculation procedures.
14.13.4. Competitors’ flying order.
14.13.5. Competitor call-up procedure.
14.13.6. Nominated official timekeeper;
how times will be communicated to Judges’ Panel.
14.13.7. Duration of rounds.
14.13.8. Meal and break times; seating
arrangements; sunshades; umbrellas; etc.
14.13.9. Availability of score recorders.
14.13.10. Score sheet transportation.
14.13.11. Competitors’ pull-test procedure.
14.13.12. The availability of fixed terrain
reference points, and/or erected markers (refer
14.4.2. and 14.4.3.).
14.14. Judges’ calibration (“warm-up”)
flights. A minimum of two warm-up flights, to be
flown immediately prior to the beginning of official
competition flights, should be flown per each round
(or per each day) of the contest by volunteer pilots
selected by random draw from among all registered
competitors. After each warm-up flight the judges
should not discuss the individual scores they have
awarded to each flight. Instead they should go
through a maneuver-by-maneuver discussion,
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comparing and discussing their individual
assessments of each error (including the severity of
those errors) that they have seen during every
segment of every figure and every maneuver flown.
In order to avoid the definitely undesirable “leveling”
of marks awarded by each judge, the actual marks
(scores) awarded by each judge should not be
discussed—rather, the discussions should focus upon
the number, extent, and degree of severity of each
error seen. The content of all such judges’ warm-up
flight discussions should not be made public.
14.15. Sighting devices and terrain
reference points. Hand-held sighting devices
should not be used. Whenever possible, fixed terrain
reference points should be used to define
intersections, “verticals,” line elevation angles, and
1/8 lap (45 degrees laterally) bottom maneuver
lengths and/or lap segments. As per 14.4.2. and
14.4.3., contest organizers are also encouraged to
erect suitable markers (for example, for the 45
degrees lateral dimension specified in the relevant
maneuver Rules), especially when a particular contest
site lacks natural fixed reference points. It is
recommended that such reference points and/or
markers be recalibrated for each individual
competition site on the occasion of each competition
held at that site, and that these should be discussed
privately between the judges prior to the start of
warm-up flights. Final agreement on useable natural
reference points and/or erected markers should be
reached between all members of the Judges’ Panel
before the start of official competition flights.
14.16. Time-keeping. It is common practice
to assign official time-keeping duties to the Stunt
Circle Marshall. Before starting official competition
flights, judges should confirm that this is indeed the
case. Judges should also define the method(s) by
which the results of this timekeeping will be signaled
to the Judges’ Panel. The times recorded by the
defined official timekeeper are binding, but as a cross
reference it is recommended that the head judge runs
his/her own stopwatch in parallel to the official
timekeeper (see also 14.37.9.).
14.17. Judges’ position. The panel of
judges should be placed in a position defined by each
competitor prior to starting his/her official flight. If
no change to the judges’ position for the previous
official flight is requested by the pilot of the next
official flight, then the position of the panel of judges
at the time of starting the next official flight is
assumed to be correct. Judges may however, at their
own discretion, move from the positions originally
taken at the start of an official flight by up to plus or
minus 1/8 of a lap during an official flight.
14.18. Contest supervision. Judges should
closely observe the running of the contest in general,
and the proceedings on the Stunt flight circle in
particular. Where not defined by the organizer, the
panel of judges shall name a head judge as its speaker
for addressing the Contest Director. The head judge
shall intervene in the running of the contest if the
goal of fairness appears to be in danger, and the head
judge may at all times take safety-related decisions
and order suitable remedial action.
14.19. Consistency. Judges should use a
consistent scale of awarding marks throughout all the
rounds of a competition. This scale should be a
personal instrument based upon the number of errors
seen, plus the severity of each error. This personal
scale should have been arrived at by careful study of
the current rules, study of this Judging Instructions
document, and as a result of practical judging
experience. Once the official flights of a competition
have started, each judge’s personal scale should
remain firm and fixed and should not (for example)
become influenced by factors such as discussions
with others (including other judges), by the weather,
by model aircraft speed, by model aircraft type or
engine sound, or by an awareness of the reputation or
results previously achieved by any particular pilot
being judged. In this respect it should be noted that in
the following maneuver descriptions the words model
aircraft and competitor (and not pilot) have been
used!
14.20. Definition of an Attempt (Rule 7.).
14.20.1. “... called to the circle”; means that
an official calls the competitor to enter the circle.
14.20.2. “... within three minutes of the
starting signal”; means that the model aircraft does
not become airborne within three minutes of giving
the starting signal. This leads to a critical point:
judges are advised to watch for the competitor (or an
official) calling for an attempt if the model aircraft
does not become airborne within three minutes from
the starting signal.
14.21 Execution of Maneuvers (Rule 11.1.
and 11.2.).
14.21.1. Judging “... a minimum of 2 laps.”;
competitors may choose to fly more than, but may
not fly less than, two nominal intervening laps
between each maneuver.
14.21.2. Judging the height of intervening
laps: the height of the laps flown between maneuvers
is not specified in the Rulebook and should therefore
not be judged or marked.
14.21.3. Judging incomplete maneuvers:
every maneuver which is started but not completed
by the competitor should be awarded 10 (ten) points.
14.21.4. Judging omitted maneuvers; every
maneuver omitted from the List of Flight Maneuvers
(Rule 13.) should be awarded a mark of 0 (zero)
points.
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14.21.5. Judging maneuvers flown with an
incorrect number of multiple figures (for example:
the Three Consecutive Inside Loops maneuver
required [Rule 13.3]; but the maneuver is actually
flown with 2 or 4 loops): All maneuvers flown in
such ways are incorrect and should be awarded a
mark of 10 (ten) points.
14.21.6. Attempted maneuver(s); if a
competitor makes more than one attempt at any one
maneuver during one official flight the judges should
mark the first attempt in accordance with the
instructions listed in this paragraph and the relevant
following maneuver description paragraph. Any
further attempt(s) at the same maneuver during the
same official flight should not be marked at all.
14.22. Duration of Flight (Rule 8.).
14.22.1. Start of timing; the timekeeper
and/or judge(s) should start timing when the
competitor gives a hand signal indicating that he/she
is ready to start the motor(s).
14.23. Take-off (Rule 13.1.).
14.23.1. Start judging at: the beginning of
the Take-off ground roll.
14.23.2. Judging the ground roll and lift-off
segment; from the beginning of the Take-off ground
roll to the point of lift-off.
Lift-off should not occur before 4.5 meters
(14.8 feet) from start of ground roll, nor later than 1/4
of a lap. “Smoothly” means without a “sudden jump”
into the air.
● 14.23.3. Judging the climb out and
leveling-off segment; from lift-off, up to and
including leveling- off. Leveling-off should occur at
a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1
foot), and should occur exactly overhead the point of
the beginning of the Take-off ground roll. “Gradual”
means that the rate of climb should be constant
throughout the climb from lift-off until leveling-off
into normal upright level flight. “Smooth” means a
“jerk-free” transition from climbing flight to level
flight.
● 14.23.4. Judging the level flight segment;
two laps, from the end of leveling-off to the end of
lap three. “Smooth laps of normal level flight” means
that the model aircraft does not deviate from a height
of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot).
14.23.5. Stop judging: at the end of lap
three, exactly overhead the point of the beginning of
the Take-off ground roll.
● 14.23.6. Critical points: are take-off
ground roll shorter than 4.5 meters (14.8 feet) or
longer than 1/4 lap; Model aircraft “jumping” into the
air. Reaching level flight altitude too quickly. Climb
rate not gradual (for example: too shallow at first and
then too steep later). Leveling-off before or after
passing exactly overhead the point of the beginning
of the Take-off ground roll. Not maintaining a level
flight height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30
cm(1 foot) throughout upright level flight, lap
numbers two and three.
14.24. One Reverse Wingover (Rule 13.2.).
● 14.24.1. Entry; from normal upright level
flight at a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus
30 cm (1 foot).
14.24.2. Start judging; at the beginning of
the first turn into a “vertical” climb.
● 14.24.3. Judging turn radii; all turns
should be of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) radius, maximum
2.1 meters(6.9 feet) radius.
14.24.4. Judging the first “vertical” climb
and dive segment; from the beginning of the first turn
into a “vertical” climb, over the competitor’s head,
into a “vertical” dive, until the end of the second turn
(recovering from the “vertical” dive into inverted
level flight). “Passing directly over the flier’s head”
means that the model aircraft should pass through an
imaginary line projected at right angles upwards
from the center of the ground circle. “Cutting the
ground circle in half” means that the judges should
“mentally project” the start and finish points of the
complete line of “vertical” flight downward onto the
ground, with the result that these two points are
exactly opposite each other on the ground circle if the
first “vertical” climb and “vertical” dive segment has
been correctly flown.
● 14.24.5. Judging the inverted “horizontal”
level flight segment; after recovery from the first
“vertical” dive, until the start of the second turn into
the second “vertical” climb. The inverted level flight
segment should be flown at a height of 1.5 meters
(4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot). The length of
the inverted flight segment, including turns, should
be exactly 1/2 a lap.
● 14.24.6. Judging the second “vertical”
climb and dive segment; the point at which the model
aircraft first reaches a “vertical” attitude in this
second “vertical” climb should be exactly the same as
the point at which the model aircraft first reached a
“vertical” attitude at the start of the first “vertical”
climb. “Over the center of the circle” means that the
model aircraft should pass through an imaginary line
projected upward at right angles from the center of
the ground circle. The point where the model aircraft
starts its recovery to normal upright level flight at the
end of the whole maneuver should be exactly
opposite the point where the model aircraft first
reached “vertical” flight attitude at the start of the
whole maneuver. Recovery should bring the model
aircraft to normal upright level flight at a height of
1.5 meters (4.9 feet) plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot).
14.24.7. Stop judging; at the end of the
fourth turn (recovery to normal upright level flight).
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● 14.24.8. Critical points are; first climb not
“vertical.” Model aircraft not passing through the
right angled line projected upwards from the center
of the flight circle. “Vertical” climb and/or dive
segments being curved (meaning not “straight line”)
flight path(s). Recovery(ies) to inverted level flight
and/or to normal upright level flight not at a height of
1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot). Not
maintaining a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet),
plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot) during inverted level
flight. The “turning points” defined above not being
exactly opposite each other. Turn radii not equal in
all four turns and/or exceed 2.1 meters (6.9 feet).
14.25. Three Consecutive Inside Loops
(Rule 13.3.).
● 14.25.1. Entry; from normal upright level
flight at a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus
30cm (1 foot).
14.25.2. Start judging; at the start of the first
loop (as the model aircraft departs its normal upright
level flight path).
14.25.3. Judging the first loop; from normal
upright level flight the model aircraft should fly
upwards along a circular flight path to a height
specified in the Sporting Code as a line elevation
angle of 45 degrees, at which point it should be
inverted. The model aircraft should continue, without
interruption, its circular flight path downwards until
reaching its first normal upright level flight height, at
which point it should be upright. “Round” means no
visible deviations from a circular flight path.
“Smooth” means without flat spots or “jerks.” When
the model aircraft reaches a “vertical” attitude for the
first time this has defined the lateral reference for the
whole maneuver.
14.25.4. Judging the second and third loops;
the model aircraft should follow a flight path exactly
as described above. The second and third loops
should be flown in exactly the same position
(meaning that the second loop should be
superimposed exactly on top of the first loop, and the
third exactly on top of the second), and all three
should be of exactly the same size.
14.25.5. Stop judging; at the end of the third
loop as the model aircraft completes recovery into
normal upright level flight.
14.25.6. Exit procedure; should be flown as
recommended by this rule but should not be judged
or marked.
● 14.25.7. Critical points are; line elevation
angle(s) above 45 degrees (loop too big). Line
elevation angle(s) less than 45 degrees (loop too
small). Bottom(s) of loops not all at a height of 1.5
meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot). Tops
and/or bottoms of loops are not all at the same
heights. Shapes are not truly circular. Flight path is
not steady (examples: uneven rate of turn;
“wobbling” flight). Flat spots on any of the loops.
Second and third loops are not exactly the same size
as the first. Second and third loops are not in exactly
the same position (not superimposed upon) the first
loop.
14.26. Two Laps Inverted Flight (Rule
13.4.).
● 14.26.1 Entry; from inverted level flight at
a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) plus or minus 30 cm
(1foot).
14.26.2. Start judging; at the beginning of
lap three (as counted from the exit point of the Three
Consecutive Inside Loops maneuver - Rule 13.3.).
● 14.26.3. Judging inverted flight height;
should be at 1.5 meters (4.9 feet). “Stable” means
that the model aircraft does not deviate by more than
plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot) from 1.5 meters (4.9 feet).
“Smooth” means the absence of visible height
deviations.
14.26.4. Stop judging; at the end of lap four
(as counted from the exit point of the Consecutive
Inside Loops maneuver - Rule 13.3.).
● 14.26.5. Critical points are; the first
inverted flight height at the beginning of lap three is
not 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot).
Model aircraft deviates more than plus/minus 30 cm
(1 foot) from a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) during
the two judged laps. The model aircraft shows visible
height corrections.
14.27. Three Consecutive Outside Loops
(Rule 13.5.).
● 14.27.1. Entry: from level inverted flight
at a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm
(1
foot).
14.27.2. Start judging; at the beginning of
the first loop (as the model aircraft departs its level
inverted flight path).
14.27.3. Judging the first loop; from level
inverted flight the model aircraft should fly upwards
along a circular flight path to a height specified in the
Sporting Code as a line elevation angle of 45 degrees,
at which point it should be upright. The model
aircraft should continue, without interruption, its
circular flight path downward until reaching its first
inverted flight height, at which point it should be
inverted. “Round” means no visible deviations from
a circular flight path. “Smooth” means without flat
spots or “jerks.” When the model aircraft reaches a
“vertical” attitude for the first time this has defined
the lateral reference for the whole maneuver.
14.27.4. Judging the second and third loops;
the model aircraft should fly a flight path exactly as
set out in the individual segments above. The second
and third loops should be flown in exactly the same
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position (meaning that the second loop should be
superimposed exactly on top of the first loop and the
third loop onto the second) and all three should be of
exactly the same size.
● 14.27.5. Stop judging; at the end of the
third loop, when the model aircraft passes the 1.5
meters (4.9 feet) normal flight level in inverted flight.
14.27.6. Exit procedure; should be flown as
recommended by this rule but should not be judged
or marked.
● 14.27.7. Critical points are; line elevation
angle(s) above 45 degrees (loop(s) too big). Line
elevation angle(s) less than 45 degrees (loop too
small). Bottom of loop(s) not at a height of 1.5
meters (4.9 feet), plus/minus 30 cm (1 foot). Tops
and/or bottoms of loop(s) are not all at the same
heights. Shapes are not circular. Flight path is not
steady (example: “wobbling” or “jerky” flight). Flat
spots on any of the loops. Second and third loops are
not exactly the same size as the first. Second and
third loops are not in exactly the same position (not
superimposed upon) the first loop.
14.28. Two Consecutive Inside Square
Loops
(Rule 13.6.).
● 14.28.1. Entry; from normal upright level
flight at a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) plus/minus
30 cm (1 foot).
14.28.2. Start judging; from the point in
normal upright level flight where the model aircraft
begins its first turn into a “vertical” climb.
● 14.28.3. Judging turn radii; all turns
should be of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) radius, maximum
2.1 meters(6.9 feet) radius.
14.28.4. Judging the first turn plus “vertical”
climbing segment: the model aircraft should reach
and maintain a flight path which is at right angles to
the ground.
14.28.5. Judging the second turn plus top
“horizontal” segment; the model aircraft should turn
into inverted level flight to reach a height of 45
degrees line angle elevation as it becomes inverted.
The top segment should be flown in inverted level
flight with the flight path parallel to the ground.
14.28.6. Judging the third turn plus
“vertical” diving segment; the model aircraft should
reach and maintain a flight path which is at right
angles to the ground.
Topic: What CL Stunt Judges should look for (Read 1736 times)