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General control line discussion => Open Forum => Topic started by: RC Storick on June 18, 2013, 11:16:00 PM

Title: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 18, 2013, 11:16:00 PM
True but the problem is a 75 is 13 oz on the end of the stick and the eflight is 6.5. So the bulk of the concentrated weight is less for the electric. I am sure this will draw some long equation into play when all that's needed is to build one and fly it to feel the difference.

Baseline characteristics are still set in concentrated weight. But I have always said this. At Brodaks I let Joe Gilbert fly my beam-er. His exact words were scary fast turn. This is because of 6.5 oz at the far end opposed to 13. Simple to me. Now this airplane fly's with the cg 1.5 back from LE. What does this do? Great rounds and super flats,great glide and the combat turns comes from low weight. My kind of plane. All I need now is to be able to find time to fly.

Joe please chime in and give your assessment.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Steve Fitton on June 19, 2013, 05:45:55 AM
True but the problem is a 75 is 13 oz on the end of the stick and the eflight is 6.5. So the bulk of the concentrated weight is less for the electric. I am sure this will draw some long equation into play when all that's needed is to build one and fly it to feel the difference.

Baseline characteristics are still set in concentrated weight. But I have always said this. At Brodaks I let Joe Gilbert fly my beam-er. His exact words were scary fast turn. This is because of 6.5 oz at the far end opposed to 13. Simple to me. Now this airplane fly's with the cg 1.5 back from LE. What does this do? Great rounds and super flats,great glide and the combat turns comes from low weight. My kind of plane. All I need now is to be able to find time to fly.

Joe please chime in and give your assessment.

I don't need to barrage you with equations to tell you the above is silly.  Fitzgerald's plane has the 75 in it and has plenty enough corner to win the Nats.  That should be all the corner ever needed.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 19, 2013, 06:00:41 AM
I don't need to barrage you with equations to tell you the above is silly.  Fitzgerald's plane has the 75 in it and has plenty enough corner to win the Nats.  That should be all the corner ever needed.


Sure it can win. Its the guy wiggling the handle. I can not have a opinion on how a airplane flies?
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Eric Viglione on June 19, 2013, 06:17:02 AM
Actually Sparky, by your logic, the 75 has much less mass forward, because the 75 is much longer than an electric motor. The whole electric motor mass is right up against the back of the prop mount, whereas the 75 just has the thrust washer, small front bearing, shaft, up there, then the bulk of the engine weight of the 75 is a few inches back... and then you are running those heavy fiberglass prop's...
 S?P S?P

Oh yeah... and what Fitton said! Enough corner is enough, otherwise we'd all fly something more akin to Combat ships if corner was everything. It's a package deal,  very ying yang, all about give and take.

I know Brett laughs about the analogy of PW beating everyone with Ringmasters... and true enough, it's fun to joke about, but bring on the Ringmasters! heh... But... This is a subjective staged performance event. Perhaps the better analogy is to take a first year  music student on a Stradivarius, and put them up against Joshua Bell on the students violin... my guess is that Josh would kick the Stradivarius players backside.

After reading your most recent post, I guess you already know the answer to your problem at Brodaks. It wasn't your package. You weren't prepared and didn't have the 5% with you. Just like the other millions of things that could go wrong with being un-prepared with a 4-stroke, muffled 2 stroke, or forgetting your good contest batteries at home for E-power and only bringing your high used practice packs that shut down due to lack of amperage around the clover... (yeah, I've seen those...)

Hang in there Sparky, don't fret, this is a good thread, some good stuff has come out here. You're opinion has a lot of value, and we find it fascinating enough to want to tear it down to its basic elements because it makes us think, and that can't be a bad thing. Otherwise what are forums for? Don't take it too personal when you bring up a subject and it takes a life of its own. It's just us, being us! I don't post hardly as much as many here do, but I do follow and enjoy reading the various threads, even the fur balls.

Thanks for the great forum to have these discussions!
EricV
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Steve Fitton on June 19, 2013, 06:47:47 AM

Sure it can win. Its the guy wiggling the handle. I can not have a opinion on how a airplane flies?


Brett was just debunking this mindset in another thread.  Those guys win because part of their talent is building and trimming, not just practice or some Superman skills on the handle.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Dave_Trible on June 19, 2013, 06:53:41 AM
Probably neither here or there but I always make my tanks 1/2-3/4 ounce oversize.  Then I fill with the pump and pull out what I need to with a syringe to suit.  Don't need to change fuel or anything else other than maybe a needle tweak for temperature.

Dave
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 19, 2013, 08:02:34 AM
This is funny. Is 13 oz lighter then 6.5? NOPE! And its all the way up front. True the battery weighs more than fuel but its shoved back. So concentrated wight is much more on the IC at the farthest from the CG. Pie are Round corn bread are square.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 19, 2013, 09:52:57 AM
and all of Randy's planes have 11 to 12 ounce engines up front with a very hard corner, Paul Walker's Impacts had mainly 11 to 12 ounce engines up front and had a very hard corner.
Derek Barry's Staris had a 10.5 ounce engine up front and had a blinding corner ,Bill Rich... Fitzgerald has a hard corner with 12.5 ounce engine up front.  yada yada yada ..etc  I can go on forever
Using E power  will NOT  give you an advantage in corner , you can make either turn as hard as you want. All of the weight in front of the CG (no matter where it is) needs to be taken into account, and balanced with the tail moment-stab-elevator size and effectiveness   ......... My opinion !  yours may vary


Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 19, 2013, 10:17:49 AM
Like I said above all I had was 10%. I knew what to do I just didn't have the fuel.


Yes I do know you knew this, You have many many years of experience flying and some times you can get caught without something you need, it happens to all of us, but this is more about posting info on the public forum for the many who may not know how to do this. Also if I were in that situation I may have thought about borrowing or buying some lower nitro fuel. Or using about an ounce of Acetone in 1 gallon of my 10% fuel. this will give you a longer run time. If , like some people who refuse to use anything but one fuel all year long and will NOT change no matter what, then I would suggest carrying a set of head shims, or a quick change venturie set.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 19, 2013, 01:11:21 PM
This is funny. Is 13 oz lighter then 6.5? NOPE! And its all the way up front. True the battery weighs more than fuel but its shoved back. So concentrated wight is much more on the IC at the farthest from the CG. Pie are Round corn bread are square.

One cool thing about this sport is that you can fly whatever you want: you don't have to get a boss's approval and justify your analysis to him. 
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Dan McEntee on June 19, 2013, 05:34:38 PM
This is funny. Is 13 oz lighter then 6.5? NOPE! And its all the way up front. True the battery weighs more than fuel but its shoved back. So concentrated wight is much more on the IC at the farthest from the CG. Pie are Round corn bread are square.
   Well, I like my corn bread baked in a muffin pan, so my corn bread are round! y1 LL~
   You still have to open your mind to a couple of questions, that was covered before in a thread about the forward CG of some current (no pun intended) electric models. The battery weight combined with your motor weight, along with speed controller, timer, wire and such, weigh the same or more that your engine. The 6.5 ounce motor is right out on the end of the stick, but the center of mass of your 13 ounce IC power plant isn't. It's center of mass is maybe 2 inches closer to the balance point, and the total weight in relation to the over all balance of the model is negated a bit, how much Brett or Howard could tell you. Think back to the days of prop extensions to move the engine back to help aleviate nose heaviness, and we're only talking 1/2 to 3/4 inches there. To get your forward balance point, you have to move the available ballast (the battery) foward, correct? So that puts it's total mass closer to your 6.5 ounce motor on the nose and I think adds to the total effect. You just can't think of the motor weight lone. Getting back to the I/C power plant, It's fuel tank holds anywhere, typically, between 4 to 8 ounces of fuel. I think the last time I measured the weight of 4 ounces of fuel, it came out to a bit more than 3 ounces. For your .75, if you fill the tank, you added about 6 ounces of weight, but again, that weight is closer to the balance point of the airplane, so it doesn't have the same affect as the 6.5 ounces at the nose, and it gets lighter as soon as the engine fires. Think of the ballance weight on the scales that they  weigh you on at the doctor. I don't think the fuel load burning off as the flight proceeds has an effect that most of us can see or feel as the balance point shifts during flight and I am curious to know approximately how much it moves in flight. With an electric set up, you do have the consistant balance point through out the flight, but how much of an advavtage that is, I don't know. Again, these are just questions I have about the big picture of each set up as I see it when I think about the situation.
    Here's one more to think about. Could a four stroke have an advantage in this foward C/G, turning issue? The engines can be heavy, but they don't use much fuel, so you use a shorter tank, along with a shorter nose moment, to get that accumualated weight closer to the desired balance point. The tank is still pretty close to the balance point, and if you are using half the fuel load of a two stroke engine, which is possible, you have that condition to factor in, and again, it gets lighter as the flight progresses. It all comes down to design theory, and how you put the theory into practice and how you execute the theory. Nose moments have been changing in design since the event was invented, and probably will never stop and long as somebody is looking for that "something better."  I'm just a welder/fabricator/printing press mechanic, and deal with things that are in three dimensions right in front of me at work. This really isn't much different, from my stand point, when you look at the total picture. I have said it before, a stunt model really is the sum of it's parts, and there isn't one part or component that will make it superior to all the others. It takes a total package.
   Type at you later,
   Dan McEntee
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 19, 2013, 05:39:06 PM
Dan you have to look at it close. The weights are about the same with my setup as a plane with a IC. But its spread out and not concentrated in one spot farthest from the CG. Whats not to understand?
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Chris Wilson on June 19, 2013, 06:24:20 PM
I agree with Robert here, concentrating the mass around the CG gives far more design flexibility and 'should' result in eventually a better model.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 19, 2013, 06:26:44 PM
Dan you have to look at it close. The weights are about the same with my setup as a plane with a IC. But its spread out and not concentrated in one spot farthest from the CG. Whats not to understand?

How moment of inertia works.  
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Dan McEntee on June 19, 2013, 08:42:34 PM
Dan you have to look at it close. The weights are about the same with my setup as a plane with a IC. But its spread out and not concentrated in one spot farthest from the CG. Whats not to understand?
     But I am looking at it close! I've got my nose right up to the screen!

     Again, I'm not argueing, just asking the question. I know that a 6.5 ounce motor weighes more than a 13 ounce engine. But they are not at the same point of the "stick." I wouldn't be asking the question if the PA.75 was as far forward as the Axi electric motor, and it's not. As I said, the PA.75 center of mass, or it's concentration of weight, is almost 2 inches further back. Maybe I should relate it as "accumulated weight" instead of "concentrated weight."  To me, you can't take the weight of the battery, speed controller, timer, wire, and the extra lead you put in the nose completely out of the picture. At some point between the back end of the battery, and the prop shaft of the motor, there has to be a place where all that weight averages out against the lever that is the length of the fuselage that is behind the balance point. Think of it as a 4" thick by 3 foot by three foot slab of concete that weighs 200 pounds, and it's sitting flat on the seat of a see saw. That weight is spread out over that three foot square area, but it still weighs 200 pounds. It will take a certain amount of force on the other seat to lift it. Now take it and stand it on one edge on the same seat. I understand that the weight is concentrated in one smaller point on the seat of the see saw, but still weighs 200 pounds. Should it not take the same amount of force to lift it? If it takes more, is it a significant difference, or a barely noticeable one? The total weight of the electric set up as some have been using it probably weighs as much as 14 to 18 ounces or more including additional lead ballast. Yes, that is spread out, but it is still dead weight that weighs 14 to 18 ounces. And the weight of an engine and fuel tank is spread out also. And as has been mentioned in previous threads, some electric users are doing everything they can to get the balance point forward significantly, which translates to adding weight. The laws of moment of inertia and math may allow you to split the hair pretty fine. But again, my question is, how can you discount the additional, significant amounts of weight that is in front of the balance point at approximately the same distance from the balance point as an engine, in explaining the advantage that you think you are getting in turning a corner from using an electric set up?
     I'll add this little tid bit also that I have been wondering about, propellers.  Up to this point, I/C set ups have been using heavy, stiff carbon fibre props to hold accurate pitch, and withstand the constant pounding from the combustion cycles. I think pretty much everyone flying electric is using some sort of APC electric prop. Looking at these and holding them in your hand, they are genuine Flexible Flyers compared to a Bolly or the carbon prop of your choice of the same diameter. How much does this affect the flight of the airplane through the corner? It is attached to a power plant of similar power output as an engine, and attached to a model of similar size, weight and drag. I'm thinking that something has to be happening up front?? I mean, we know the old white Top Flite props flexed under load, so we know that happens, correct?
    Again, I just be askin'!
    Type at you later,
    Dan McEntee
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: wwwarbird on June 19, 2013, 10:44:40 PM
  Again, then run an IC motor with a  timer, put in 1/2 ounce more fuel than you might ever need, then, no advantage. It will still weigh less than the battery.

    Brett

 Yes, that is certainly an option, but as we all know the risk an overrun increases if it happens to go a little lean or something during the flight. Obviously IC fuel loads can be measured, but not to the exact second of desired engine stoppage.

 I'm honestly not trying to start the umpteenth debate here. All I'm saying is that the electric quits at the same time, every time, without any of these IC risks.

 As it is, this is unfair to IC competitors who would be penalized for an overrun against a timed electric model. Just my opinion.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Randy Cuberly on June 19, 2013, 11:13:08 PM
Yes, that is certainly an option, but as we all know the risk an overrun increases if it happens to go a little lean or something during the flight. Obviously IC fuel loads can be measured, but not to the exact second of desired engine stoppage.

 I'm honestly not trying to start the umpteenth debate here. All I'm saying is that the electric quits at the same time, every time, without any of these IC risks.

 As it is, this is unfair to IC competitors who would be penalized for an overrun against a timed electric model. Just my opinion.

UHhhhhhhh...I think you missed something here.  Brett said RUN a TIMER...you know one of those things that shuts off the fuel supply.  They're legal and available now.  Work off of a tiny little battery and very small servo.  Less than an ounce of extra weight.
Shut off at the same time every time!!!
I saw a couple being used here in Tucson over a year ago!  Worked very well.
I think Bob Whitely had one in his Blackbird that he used at the last team trials.
Personally I think it's a very minor problem and very reliable to measure fuel and keep the fuel system clean and set the needle properly.

Randy Cuberly
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 20, 2013, 12:31:30 PM
        Again, I just be askin'!
    Type at you later,
    Dan Center


OK I will tr y to illustrate this here

X represents motor/engine and Y is fuel/battery * is balance point

IC  X--*----Y--->  and electric would be X-------*Y--> now this is a basic concept not meant to be to scale but give a idea of Just the nose weight distribution -> representing the LE. I hope this explains it. Meaning the total wright although the same is closer to the LE with electric. Equate it to two kids and a small child on a seesaw. one at 130 LBS and one at 80LBS the small kid has to weigh at least 50LBS to balance it. Now remove the 130 pound kid and replace with a 65 pound kid leaving the 80 pounder on and the 50 pounder to change postion until it balances. This is a representation of what is going on with the electric setup in just the nose.

Now on my new plane the nose is 11.5 inches long but only 6.5 oz is out there. I am not trying to sell anyone on electric, but it has its advantages and I can see them clearly where I could only guess from the side lines.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Trostle on June 20, 2013, 12:43:32 PM

OK I will tr y to illustrate this here

X represents motor/engine and Y is fuel/battery * is balance point


I will echo a comment by Howard about understanding how Moment of Inertia works.  Moment of Inertia of a given mass is a function of its weight and the square of its distance from the CG.  So, a greater mass a shorter distance from the CG might be better than a lighter mass further from the CG, depending on the parameters.  Less Moment of Inertia means that a smaller force is required to initiate a rotation around the CG and a smaller force is needed to stop that rotation.  Sort of an important factor when trying to emulate a square turn on our hemisphere.  The 4-stroke guys started to find out about this when they went to their heavier engines and shorter noses but were getting clean sharp corners.

Something that Bob Gialdini wrote about in his Olympic article in 1962.

Keith
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 20, 2013, 12:46:01 PM
I will echo a comment by Howard about understanding how Moment of Inertia works.  Moment of Inertia of a given mass is a function of its weight and the square of its distance from the CG.  So, a greater mass a shorter distance from the CG might be better than a lighter mass further from the CG, depending on the parameters.  Less Moment of Inertia means that a smaller force is required to initiate a rotation around the CG and a smaller force is needed to stop that rotation.  Sort of an important factor when trying to emulate a square turn on our hemisphere.

Something that Bob Gialdini wrote about in his Olympic article in 1962.

Keith

So your saying (I think just the opposite of what I am experiencing) It would be better to have a heavy engine shorter nose than a lighter engine longer nose? Or am I understanding this wrong? Cause to be honest I didn't think it would work but it does.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Derek Barry on June 20, 2013, 12:48:22 PM
     But I am looking at it close! I've got my nose right up to the screen!

     Again, I'm not argueing, just asking the question. I know that a 6.5 ounce motor weighes more than a 13 ounce engine. But they are not at the same point of the "stick." I wouldn't be asking the question if the PA.75 was as far forward as the Axi electric motor, and it's not. As I said, the PA.75 center of mass, or it's concentration of weight, is almost 2 inches further back. Maybe I should relate it as "accumulated weight" instead of "concentrated weight."  To me, you can't take the weight of the battery, speed controller, timer, wire, and the extra lead you put in the nose completely out of the picture. At some point between the back end of the battery, and the prop shaft of the motor, there has to be a place where all that weight averages out against the lever that is the length of the fuselage that is behind the balance point. Think of it as a 4" thick by 3 foot by three foot slab of concete that weighs 200 pounds, and it's sitting flat on the seat of a see saw. That weight is spread out over that three foot square area, but it still weighs 200 pounds. It will take a certain amount of force on the other seat to lift it. Now take it and stand it on one edge on the same seat. I understand that the weight is concentrated in one smaller point on the seat of the see saw, but still weighs 200 pounds. Should it not take the same amount of force to lift it? If it takes more, is it a significant difference, or a barely noticeable one? The total weight of the electric set up as some have been using it probably weighs as much as 14 to 18 ounces or more including additional lead ballast. Yes, that is spread out, but it is still dead weight that weighs 14 to 18 ounces. And the weight of an engine and fuel tank is spread out also. And as has been mentioned in previous threads, some electric users are doing everything they can to get the balance point forward significantly, which translates to adding weight. The laws of moment of inertia and math may allow you to split the hair pretty fine. But again, my question is, how can you discount the additional, significant amounts of weight that is in front of the balance point at approximately the same distance from the balance point as an engine, in explaining the advantage that you think you are getting in turning a corner from using an electric set up?
     I'll add this little tid bit also that I have been wondering about, propellers.  Up to this point, I/C set ups have been using heavy, stiff carbon fibre props to hold accurate pitch, and withstand the constant pounding from the combustion cycles. I think pretty much everyone flying electric is using some sort of APC electric prop. Looking at these and holding them in your hand, they are genuine Flexible Flyers compared to a Bolly or the carbon prop of your choice of the same diameter. How much does this affect the flight of the airplane through the corner? It is attached to a power plant of similar power output as an engine, and attached to a model of similar size, weight and drag. I'm thinking that something has to be happening up front?? I mean, we know the old white Top Flite props flexed under load, so we know that happens, correct?
    Again, I just be askin'!
    Type at you later,
    Dan McEntee

To answer the prop question, yes the APC props are flexing in the corners, I can hear it and see it. The electric guys tell me that it does not matter...

I understand that Paul is using a carbon fiber prop now...

I also have read and heard a lot of the Electric guys say that they are having to make the noses of their planes longer and have to run more nose weight than they did with IC to make them balance and fly correctly. I am sure that this is a direct result of the battery being so far back in the fuse. It seems to me that more weight near the CG is just that "more weight". It will not help you balance the plane, hence the extra nose weight.

None of this is intended to be mean, its just my observations.

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 20, 2013, 12:54:09 PM
I too have switched to CF APC copy prop. I also know this if the nose was not longer it would need nose weight. Because I static balanced it in the normal postion on the first plane and it was UN flyable. That's why on the second one the nose is 1.5 longer and could have been .25 more and not hurt anything. At that given weight. I hope they come out with a 6 ounce battery.

First plane If I could have built it lighter it would have been ok. I am using the 3300 MAH batteries as others are using 4000 Plus on same plane. At least 2 oz more per battery size in Hyperions.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Derek Barry on June 20, 2013, 12:59:30 PM
Another observation since I am talking about it: I noticed that when I flew Hunt's plane that I had to dig in more in the corner. (or give more input for a longer time). I could feel the plane pulling through the corner and there was little or no hesitation after the corner. Bob said that this has to do with the number of cycles per second in relation to glow power. Thinking about the feel in my head over and over again, I can agree with Bob on this. The IC engines have more of a stop and turn feel to me (which I like) but the feel of the electric was interesting too. I think that someone can learn to fly either setup competitively (obviously) so to say one is better than the other is kind of a moot statement. They both have plusses and minuses in my opinion. I can see why people are drawn to electric but if you ever fly a PA 65 you will be drawn to it too.  To me, the PA 65 is the best stunt engine ever designed. I have flown all the PAs, a couple RoJetts, and now a top 5 electric and I stand behind my statement about the 65.

Derek

Bob, if you are reading I know that you said the Crossfire is a much better plane than the one I flew so I still am looking forward to flying yours after the Nats.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Derek Barry on June 20, 2013, 01:01:20 PM
I too have switched to CF APC copy prop. I also know this if the nose was not longer it would need nose weight. Because I static balanced it in the normal postion on the first plane and it was UN flyable. That's why on the second one the nose is 1.5 longer and could have been .25 more and not hurt anything. At that given weight. I hope they come out with a 6 ounce battery.

Sounds like you are experiencing the same thing as everyone else. I assume you have the battery as far forward as possible?

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 20, 2013, 01:05:20 PM
Sounds like you are experiencing the same thing as everyone else. I assume you have the battery as far forward as possible?

Derek

I do now. But also remember my battery is 2 oz lighter than the battery in Bobs Crossfire.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Trostle on June 20, 2013, 01:12:48 PM
So your saying (I think just the opposite of what I am experiencing) It would be better to have a heavy engine shorter nose than a lighter engine longer nose? Or am I understanding this wrong? Cause to be honest I didn't think it would work but it does.

Robert,

I think I tried to explain, it sort of depends on the various parameters involved.  A given engine (or power package - however it is configured) mounted closer to the CG might give a smaller Moment of Inertia which is good when trying to turn a square corner.  But if that power package weighs more (or a lot more), then wing loading becomes a factor regarding how well the model will turn.  There are a lot of tradeoffs with this stuff.  A heavy power package on a short nose, even with a comparatively desirable Moment of Inertia may not have any advantage over a lighter weight configuration with a comparatively desirable wing loading.  A comparatively heavier wing loading come be offset to "some" degree by a good power package tailored to the design, but there is a limit to how well a heavier airplane will perform.  In other words, a light wing loading is good, but we already know that.  So, lighter weight and smaller Moments of Inertial are good.


As I mentioned before, the 4-stroke guys found good corners with their heavier motors on shorter nose moments.  The power curves of the 4-strokes are also a factor.  But their wing loadings were/are still within some tolerable range for good turning performance.

Keith
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Derek Barry on June 20, 2013, 01:14:04 PM
I do now. But also remember my battery is 2 oz lighter than the battery in Bobs Crossfire.

Didn't know that, I know very little about the electric setups. Just what I read here and have seen for myself. I guess they don't make one that is 1 oz. heavier? LOL. If they did it would probably be perfect.

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 20, 2013, 01:33:04 PM
I also have read and heard a lot of the Electric guys say that they are having to make the noses of their planes longer and have to run more nose weight than they did with IC to make them balance and fly correctly. I am sure that this is a direct result of the battery being so far back in the fuse. It seems to me that more weight near the CG is just that "more weight". It will not help you balance the plane, hence the extra nose weight.

It's that electric airplanes fly better with the CG farther forward than at the CG at which IC planes fly best.  Yes, we included fuel.  The APC prop is more efficient than most, so it takes less battery.  I was figuring on the same CG as my IC plane and a hefty battery.  I ended up with the smaller battery crammed as far forward as possible and a bunch of ballast in the nose.  It has a low moment of inertia, but I'd sooner have a longer nose and a lighter plane. 

Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Derek Barry on June 20, 2013, 01:59:06 PM
It's that electric airplanes fly better with the CG farther forward than at the CG at which IC planes fly best.  Yes, we included fuel.  The APC prop is more efficient than most, so it takes less battery.  I was figuring on the same CG as my IC plane and a hefty battery.  I ended up with the smaller battery crammed as far forward as possible and a bunch of ballast in the nose.  It has a low moment of inertia, but I'd sooner have a longer nose and a lighter plane. 



What is really strange to me is when I fly IC I cannot feel any noticeable change in trim as I burn the fuel and when I flew electric I didn't notice that the trim didn't change through the flight. If that makes sense. I guess because in both cases the weight is pretty far from the nose so it has little affect on the trim. I can feel a fraction of an oz. in the spinner.

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Bob Reeves on June 20, 2013, 03:51:32 PM
Robert,

As I mentioned before, the 4-stroke guys found good corners with their heavier motors on shorter nose moments.  The power curves of the 4-strokes are also a factor.  But their wing loadings were/are still within some tolerable range for good turning performance.

Keith

It's actually even stranger than that, I flew the TwistMaster from Intermediate to the middle of advanced with a Saito 40 that balanced at the wing leading edge. According to conventional wisdom it should have been a dog, way forward CG and heavy engine far out on the nose but it would turn.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Steve Fitton on June 20, 2013, 04:08:18 PM
What is really strange to me is when I fly IC I cannot feel any noticeable change in trim as I burn the fuel and when I flew electric I didn't notice that the trim didn't change through the flight. If that makes sense. I guess because in both cases the weight is pretty far from the nose so it has little affect on the trim. I can feel a fraction of an oz. in the spinner.

Derek

Leave out the squares and you will feel that the cg isn't right in the triangles.   HB~>
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Dan McEntee on June 20, 2013, 07:59:59 PM
 
   "Now on my new plane the nose is 11.5 inches long but only 6.5 oz is out there. I am not trying to sell anyone on electric, but it has its advantages and I can see them clearly where I could only guess from the side lines."

      Now remember, I'm just asking questions in thinking about the situation. I'm not knocking the electric systems. In fact, I have an electric back ground in model airplanes. In my sailplane days, the club I belonged to hosted the second ever FAI Electric World Championships in 1988 over at Parks College in Cahokia, IL. I flew electric powered sailplanes in competition. It's mind boggleling when I think back at what was new and cutting edge back then and what we have available to us now!
      Now, getting back to the teeter-totters and such. Some would think I'm over complicating this, but I'm thinking in terms of what goes in the airplane. You seem fixated on that 6.5 ounces of motor out on the end of the stick, and disregard everything else. I'm thinking that ALL of the hardware involved that is in the airplane and goes in the air, has to be factored in, or averaged. I used the term "accumulated weight" before. You say it is spread out, which is true, but it is still all the components are in close proximity to each other by necessity and convenience, and I'm guessing that the the combined weights should average out to a specific point where your "moment of inertia" is. Or can you look at it this way. You have your 6.5 ounces of motor in the nose, and the 11.5 inches moment, and you have your battery which weighs 12 ounces.let's say. Do you have two separate moments of inertia to calculate? And in taking into consideration what Mr. Trostle added to the conversation, with a shorter nose and an engine, you just have the one , main component in the mix, and the lighter fuel load is behind that and closer to the balance point and it changes as the flight progresses.  The whole point of my question is, you can't just look at the motor alone and part of your moment of inertia, can you? The other stuff that is in close proximity has to have some effect. The I/C set up is the opposite, but isn't as bad in my opinion. My ST.51 weighs 12 ounces and the tank with a typical fuel load of 4.5 ounces that weighs about 4 ounces is right behind it and the tank empties through out the flight. The nose of the airplane is only 9.5 or 10 inches long. Which has less moment of inertia? I don't know the math to figure that out. When the flight path of the airplane changes 90 degrees in a square turn, does the 11.5" long nose have farther to travel than the 9.5" long nose? Does this have an effect on the turn especially when you factor in the gyro effect of the prop?I do know that there is more to the picture on what makes an airplane turn. Again, I am not knocking the electric set up because it has been proven to work successfully, I just get caught up thinking about the job at hand, and how it is executed. If I can figure out and understand something that may help me with the next airplane I get to build (if I ever GET to build another airplane!) it's worth asking the question, no matter how goofy the question sounds. I have been settling in on the shorter nose moment line of thought, just taking into account my own experiences with my models and a few others that I got to fly. But how short is too short, and how long is too long? The nose lengths on C/L stunt models have been moving in and out over the years like it was Pinnochio's nose as different desgn trends come and go and as power plants have changed and been adapted. The page on stunt history has been turned with the improvements in the electric systems, and I wonder just how much more change to airframes might some designers make as the process moves forward/ Will a higher aspect ratio wing work a little better with this mysterious excessive forward CG that some are experiencing, or will it go the other way with much lower aspect ratios?  I still think that a stunt model is the sum of it's parts and a guy just has to figure out what works best for him. I think the electric systems will "settle in" with those that can make best use of the technology and understand it. I don't think it will over take and drive I/C systems into extinction.  After all the years that pipe systems dominated upper lever competition, did we ever dare to think that the old venerable ST.60 would reign again as World Champion? It did and it might again some day in the right model and in the right hands.
   Type at you later,
    Dan McEntee
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 20, 2013, 08:47:18 PM
I don't know the math to figure that out.

I handed it to you.  I even did it for you.  Here is the reference and calculator once again: http://stunthanger.com/smf/index.php?topic=30303.msg300702#msg300702 This assumes that you have Excel, but doesn't most everybody these days? 

Moment from gyroscopic precession is independent of the length of the nose.  
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Ted Fancher on June 20, 2013, 11:12:41 PM
I agree with Robert here, concentrating the mass around the CG gives far more design flexibility and 'should' result in eventually a better model.


Never thought of that!  Sure, just move the Battery back beneath the Bellcrank where the CG is located! 

Damn!   Just tried that and now the CG isn't at the BC mount anymore.  Is that OK?  Should I fly it anyway?  Will it fly better now?  What'd I do wrong????

Ted

Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 20, 2013, 11:42:55 PM
Never thought of that!  Sure, just move the Battery back beneath the Bellcrank where the CG is located!  

Damn!   Just tried that and now the CG isn't at the BC mount anymore.  Is that OK?  Should I fly it anyway?  Will it fly better now?  What'd I do wrong????

Ted

Nah just add 10 ounces to the belly. LL~ According to the Netizban writings the bell crank should be behind the CG anyway. But is dont matter as everyone has said in the past anyway.

Control-Line Aerodynamics Made Painless
By Bill Netzeband
Originally published in 'American Modeler', July/August 1966.

Crewcut Bill goes long-hair! And he has conspirators, many of the nation's leading designers.
Line rake angle is an all-important factor, they agree.
-----oooOooo-----


Since the beginning of control-line models, back in the 40's, the design phase, viewed from published information, has been a "black art" relying on phases of the moon, superstition, etc. "Designers" appeared to ignore, or misunderstand, the unique effects of flying in circles tied to a pilot in the center.
We were told to balance the model on front leadout; or balance it on the belicrank pivot; or to balance one thumb-print forward of the main spar, or any other such nonsense that popped into a designer's head. All we really knew was that his model balanced there and he liked it! Always they were half right - and half wrong.

Actually, we lived by the "Flea Fright" practice of adjusting each ship to tailor out the kinks, ii it survived the first flight! Ultimately, we were subjected to a lot of marginal designs (mine, too) flown by talented pilots who took it upon themselves to explain phenomena they didn't understand. Luckily, we do not wipe out pilots during crashes.

Back in 1951 I started serious investigation into miniature aerodynamics. It is simply a matter of applying classic aerodynamics to our size whenever we could. The principles, happily enough, apply directly; the problems are in the constants. Guess and test methods were used to back-up mathematical correction of lift, drag and lnertia factors, finally coming up with "numbers" useful to our size airplanes. One slight point irks me. Only a scale model of a man-carrying airplane qualifies for the name "model." If we design an airplane for a specific performance criterion, then it's an airplane, no matter how small!

In future issue we'll present a generous portion of concentrated CL aerodynamics; concentrated meaning, any mathematical procedure will be explained in English and useful equations will be reduced to simple nomographs We will be shooting for those of you Interested in knowing Why and How, but who have not elected to follow a career in engineering or science. We assume that Math and Aero majors will be reading very critically looking for mistakes!

Basic Physical Facts: This installment covers a phenomenon not recognized in any other branch of science, at least not in books I've been able to read. So we had to develop our solution. We tie our airplane to a handle, pick up that handle and stand there while the airplane zooms around us. The physical reactions caused by moving a body (object) in a hemispherical plane, supported by thin flexible lines; with motive power applied at the object, are unique to CL airplanes.


 
Roger Wudman with his Invader, one of several aerobatic aircraft used to check out calculations.
Weighs 60 ozs., Mccoy .40, 600 squares, 48 mph.

Flying above the handle introduces forces not covered in classic aerodynamic work, and the effects of the lines themselves are interesting. Our phenomenon is the curve that appears in the lines: How do we measure it accurately, its effect on the airplane, and what do we do in the design of the airplane to achieve the best performance? Where should the line-guide be located?

Since Isaac Newton discovered that an object pulled by a force tends to move in a straight line, we must apply another force to make that object move in a circle. This is called Centripetal Force, which you apply at the handle. There then exists an equal and opposite force to balance it called Centrifugal Force. (EQ 1) These two keep the circle round because, if imbalanced, like a broken line, the object heads back toward its straight line. The amount of centripetal force is determined by the weight of the airplane, the angular rate at which it moves around the circle, and the length of the lines. For our purposes we convert angular velocity to tangential velocity and call this the airplane speed (V) generally in miles per hour (mph).


 
By convention, we make lines to a length which will give standard distance from handle to airplane centerline. The center of gravity (CG) of the airplane is very close to centerline, so we now state that airplane speed (V) is that of CG. To simplify matters let's assume the Thrust of the prop passes through the CG. This done we could throw away the airplane and use a dimensionless lump, same weight, at the CG. If it were possible to mount the bellcrank pivot exactly on the CG and the load of each line didn't change (it does) we could fly without a line guide.

Since precise location is not practical, we add some form of line support between the belicrank and the handle. After adding the line-guide one problem is solved, another created. For years we were fooled into believing that the position of the bellcrank in the airplane controlled its attitude. Not so. The beilcrank can be almost anywhere in the airplane.

A simple cardboard outline of an airplane will show this relation (photograph in continued portion) (See note). Place an eye (U-shaped bent pin) in one wing tip and tie a pin on the end of a thread. Run the thread through the eye and stick a pin anywhere in the cardboard. Observe how the thing hangs and then move the pin (string end) to some other location. Right! Anywhere you stick that pin the airplane hangs the same. Now move the eye (line-guide). The airplane assumes some new position. The CO of the airplane will line up with the linc-guide. (Note: It would be nice to mount the bellcrank on a line between the CG and the line-guide, because the control lines could lead straight through the line-guide, therefore operating with the least stiffness.)


 
Crux of the matter. Behind the charts stands years of flight testing.

We must qualify the above facts by stating that the line must be very flexible compared to the weight of the airplane. A perfectly flexible wire can carry no side load without bending. Misplaced bellcrank side load is reacted inside the airplane, not appear as an aerodynamic force. Notice that this effect is factual for the fore-and-aft. and also the vertical position of. the CG. Were you to use say 1/16-in. diameter leadouts on a ½ A ship, running them beyond the line guide 4 or 5% of the total line length, and then placing the belicrank at a kooky position, you have established an exception. All practical cases so far.

The next problem is line ahape. Closest parallel in engineering mechanics is the Catenary, a curved line between two points similar to a slack flexible oord hanging between two poles. This cord is assumed to be carrying only its own weight (uniformly distributed load) and it hangs in a mathematically predictable shape. The point of maximum deflection from a straight line between the support points is in the exact center of the wire. The deflection is inversely proportional to the tension in the line (more tension, smaller deflection), and directly proportional to the weight of the lines. You can demonstrate this one with a piece of control line, so we'll not describe the experiment. It will prove that in horizontal flight your lines will droop from gravity causing a slight vertical angle leading into the airplane CG. For most airplanes "going around flat and fast" this angle is too small to measure.

To determine line shape in the horizontal plane (top view), we resort to forces shown in Fig. 1. Here the load on the line is not uniformly distributed. load is caused by aerodynamic drag which is proportional to a constant times velocity squared. The velocity of the wire is assumed to be zero at the handle end (as in a pylon) and increases directly proportional to the distance away from the handle finally reaching airplane speed (V). Therefore, each little piece of line travels at a different velocity. This dictates the process of mathematical summation to find line drag. (More later.) To move this force system we apply thrust (T) to the CG. T being just enough to carry the effective line drag (DL). To establish equilibrium in the system we need a thrust at the handle (TH). Surprised? Fact is, without a pylon, whipping is a way of life (Say it isn't so!- Ed.) At a later time we'll show how to whip best. But back to the lines.

It is conventional in vector analysis to resolve a vector (a force with a definite magnitude and direction) into two vectors 90 degrees apart, or vice vesa. Thus, vector force FA (line tension) is the combined result of T and CF. It has an angular relationship to both, but we're interested in its angular relation to the line of action for CF. This is (&omega) Eq. 2. Likewise angle (&beta) Eq. 3 is related to FH, TH and Centripetal Force (not shown). Once we know (&omega) we know where to place the line guide! The development of an exact equation for (&omega) was a laborious chore, We'll not cover every detail, but a brief history should be enlightening.

Math Solution Development: Progress started in response to my published force diagram inside the airplane during the March/April 1963 CLC column in this magazine. Basically, it referred a portion of the line drag (DL) equal to (T) applied to the line-guide. This may not be 100% valid, since the lines slide through holes, but wear on the back of such holes proves some force exists. Right or wrong, we then searched out a coupling force to keep the airplane from turning into the circle. The reacting couple turned out to be CF and Centripetal force if the CG were moved forward in space to develop an arm between them. The resultant angle turned out to be exactly the amount as (&omega) from the last paragraph.

When the bellcrank center is exactly on the CG, and if thrust is exactly through the CG the force at the line guide will disappear, if (&omega) is correct. It should be reemphasined that bellcrank pivot should be close to the CG, to reduce the bending at the line-guide which can cause stiff controls. At the time we didn't have a reliable drag coefficient for the lines, so progress ceased. Receipt of math from Rex Powell and Charles Kiabunde provided an equation for line shape and angles (&omega) and (&beta) Eq. 4. They had some trouble agreeing on drag coefficient (Cd), otherwise complete agreement existed. Their work disclosed that with proper manipulation and substitution (&omega) was indeed proportional to the ratio of DL to CF. Also they proved the centroid of line drag was at a point three-quarters of the distance out from the handle. Thus airplane thrust is three times handle thrust. It was further shown that since both DL and CF are proportional to V squared, the system angles should be independent of velocity. This turns up frequently in our aerodynamics and, when estimating, we take advantage of it. However, Mom Nature wasn't so kind as all that there. (Figures - Ed.) Enter the villain in this piece, Mr. Reynold's marvelous number.

Osborne Reynolds was first to discover, understand and define the effects of object size, shape, speed of flow and viscosity of medium. Crudely put, he found that if two objects have the same shape but different size they will not have the same drag coefficient (or lift coefficient), unless speeds of flow and viscosity are varied to make their Reynolds numbers equal. (Eq. 5) is a simplified version of this with the viscosity held constant for air under NACA standard conditions of pressure and temperature.

When this is done, R becomes proportional to V and "some dimension defining length in the direction of flow." This dimension in our case is (d) the dia. of our lines in inches. Our lines are the same diameter from handle to airplane, the same shape, and air viscosity is constant, but (V) varies. So we can't completely ignore velocity because Cd does not remain constant from handle to airplane.

Reverting to experimental data, by old timers, it was found that, over our range of interest in R, Cd wandered from 2.4 or higher , to around 0.98. Three ditferent people ran experiments that appeared to agree well enough to believe. Unfortunately, the variation wouldn't nicely convert to an equation so we could plug it in. We were held for the moment to saying "Let's use CD = 1." This gave a fairly reasonable number considering we were looking at thin, dirty, vibrating lines. But there was more to come.

Ed Fort sent along a complete line drag equation using an approximate equation for Cd as estimated by F Eisner (Eq. 6). By substituting for R in terms of V and d, and solving a definite integral he allowed as how total line drag was per Eq. 7. One glitch in this Cd, it continued decreasing where experimental data proved an increase occured. This would cause error in large lines and high-speed airplanes like C-speed ships. But it was the best yet.

We made a nomograph of this one, congratulating ourselves and all concerned. Meanwhile Pete Soule confirmed Rex's and Charles' work tying in nicely with my stuff and picking Cd = 1. (We were going to publish the results but job changes, flres etc. short-stopped that.) We tried it out on several models with reasonable experimental results. (It was close!)

Pete Soule showed up one evening with a solution giving "effective line drag" based on thrust horsepower used to pull a portion of the lines (Eq. 8). He had also resolved the Cd problem by finding an "effective drag coefficient" based upon the Reynolds number of a line traveling at airplane speed. This bit involved complex curve fitting by Gaussian Quadrature (Who he?- Ed.), and I'll leave it lying right there. The validity is unquestionable so we constructed the final nomographs which appear here: You think that part was tough? Those are the answers. You should have been around for the questlons!

Two other gentlemen got in hot licks. Piper Mason went at the problem with a jet model and careful observations, outlining a good test method. Bob Ormiston's observations pretty well concurred with what we finally got. What did we get, you ask?

We Got Results:
1. An angle between the CG and the line-guide which if built into an airplane will fly that airplane squarely tangent to the circle; theoretically providing least drag, most thrust and good line tension.

2. If you don't want to fly squarely tangent to the circle, you can correctly bias the angle to suit your whim. No Guesswork when yawing in or out.

3. An exact method of determining the line drag the engine has to move. This will lead down the musty corridors to finding airplane drag coefficients, measuring the effect of streamlining, engine hop-up, prop thrust etc. We still need 1% accurate engine Bhp characteristics and any kind of propeller thrust data.

4. A basis for evaluating the best techniques for "whipping."

And we finally opened a door that was closed.

Practical Considerations: For about two years we subjected the calculated results to flight testing. Speed work by Roger Theobald, TR by Pete Soule, Rat and TR by John Barr. Stunt by Roger Wildman and "lil ole linemaker me" dashing around with Combat, Carrier and 1/2A - bugging all concerned. Each time we carefully adjusted speed and CG-to-line-guide relation to airplane weight we confirmed the accuracy of the calculations.

Just to keep it from being too simple we got "wind." Real briefly; wind, when headed directly into, causes an additional line-drag load, this one uniform (like catenary) se TH and T to balance it are equal. It can be troublesome since V is not increased and is sometimes decreased which means &omega will get larger. Upwind the nose pulls in. Downwind the effect is opposite. Jolly old experience (the resuits of poor judgment) shows us the 1/2A through .15 sport airplanes and all stunt types need increased line rake for breezy flying. Reasoning process, backed by flight work, says for large Cd, like with slow velocities and small lines, the build up of drag is more drastic. Also, slow basic speeds (around 50 mph) mean a 30-mph wind is over 50% of the base speed. So we simply provide these airplanes with extra holes in the line guide to increase rake in. 1.5 degree, intervals.

If your 1/2A is stuck with one leadout location add 15 mph when calculating DL. This about covers a 30-mph wind condition. A stunt ship should be ilown with rake as close to ideal as possible to hold down lateral glitching on tight(?) corners. Half-A's generally are marginal on basic line tension, so we must guarantee that they'll stay under controL Speed jobs are still subject to more testing, but don't bother correcting for wind. Cornbat, Rat and TR ships have worked out best with ideal calculated' angles. Carrier ships are calculated at 40 mph speed to cover the speed range accurately.

Look over Table I for some extreme values in any category. Lines used are either required by rules or "most used"' size. Weights are a little "outside" both directions. Final numbers pretty well box in each category. Numbers are "straight", no adjustment for wind.

How about engine ofiset and rudder? The facts vary widely so that each case is a new game. The CF-DL force is much larger than the combined forces of any normal engine offset or normal rudder area. Again Stunt and 1/2A sport must be evaluated each to its own. If you build-in the right &omega, bad judgment on engine offset and rudder area won't hurt much. Incidentally, the side force from engine offset isn't what we look for, unless you put in 10 degrees or more. We examine the thrust line's distance inboard of the CG (it had better be inboard) to evaluate its turning moment to keep the nose headed properly under all weird conditions.

If you want to tell me about that extreme case that shoots all this down, be very certain you send all of the facts! There are no mysteries; only a lack of complete knowledge.

We have not deliberately ignored the Scale buffs. Your problems are always very special and we recommend that you play the game straight. It was convenient to end the weight scale on Nomograph 4 at 100 ounces, but if you have something heavier, divide the weight by 2, perform the calculation and double the CF.

Nomographs and Procedures: The nomograph is a handy tool, similar in operation to a slide rule, in that logarithms of numbers are added or subtracted geometrically to perform multiplication or division. The two dimensional layout essentially. operates on the principle of similar triangles allowing answer or pivot line's location to automatically include constant factors. Each nomograph is designed to solve a specific equation, making it ideal for often-used calculations. The only other tools necessary are a straight edge, preferably clear plastic (and very straight) and a thin sharp pointed instrument (like a pencil). Throughout the Projected series we will provide nomographs for all significant mathematics.

Finally, the nomograph generally allows slide-rule accuracy, always precise enough to match our building capabilities. Our nomographs will be designed to start on outside scales (Left and Right), working through pivot lines 1 and/or 2 and the inside scales toward the answer. After you gain experience you'll flnd that they can be solved in different order to work backwards toward some independent variable. [Example - Find weight of airplane on 60' x.015" dia lines to generate 50# of CF @ 100 mph. (Ans. 4½ lb.)].

For practice you might solve the examples in Table I to see how estimates of points are handled. Let's take the "Sport 35" at 18 ounces for a trial run. Step by step: (Note - examples shown on Nomographs are to demonstrate procedure only).

A. Reynolds Number from Nomograph I
1. Place pointer on V scale (LH) at 60 mph.
2. Slide straight edge flrmly against pointer and move right end until it lines up with .015 line diameter on RH scale.
3. Read answer of 700 from center scale.

Now you have the whole basis. Hit the first point with pointer, slide straight edge to it, swing edge to other point and read.



B. (Cd).
This one is simply read from Graph I.

Note that the R scale is logarithmic, the Cd scale is linear and use your noodle when estimating. Cd in our case is 1.12.



C. Drag for One Line - Nomograph 2
1. Pointer on 60 mph (LH outside) (V)
2. Straight edge from pointer to 60' line length (r) (RH outside)
3. This time instead of readihg, lift pointer and move over to where the straight edge crosses Pivot Line 1. Place pointer there.
4. Holding edge against point on PL 1 swing edge down to 1.12 on the Cd scale (inside RH).
5. Pick up and hold point at Pivot Line 2.
6. Holding point at PL 2, swing left edge down to .015 line dia., (d).
7. Now read the answer frem Drag scale (DL) (.20 lb/line).



D. Centrifugal Force-Nomograph 3
1. Pick up model weight (18 oz) on LH scale using inside divisions.
2. Set straight edge to cross line length scale at 60'.
3. Pick up and hold crossing of Pivot Line.
4. Swing edge up to 60 mph on RH Speed scale.
5. Read answer from CF scale as 4.4 lbs.



E. Rake angle-Nomograph 4
1. Determine line drag (DL) by.multiplying DL from step (C) by the number of lines. (2 x .20 = .40#)
2. Pick up line drag on DL (LH scale) at 0.40 lb.
3. Set up straight edge to cross CF (RH scale) at 4.4 lbs.
4. FInally! Read rake either in degrees (5.5 degrees) or in inches back in 10" of span' (.98" in 10"). The latter method is a bit more accurate for layout purposes, particulary if you don't have a good big protractor.



The whole operation should take less than 5 minutes and both speed and accuracy improve with practice.

Wrap Up: One last item. The angle we calculate is partially phantom, in that it falls exactly half way between the line guide holes for a two-line. system, when the lines are equally loaded. That "equally loaded" is important. As the elevator is moved from neutral the point shifts to the line under greater tension. If you operate a limited bellcrank movement, as in combat, the load will be carried completely by either wire during maneuvers and the point of action will coincide with that leadouL These facts dictate that line-guide holes should be very close, together or through the same hole. One hole is practical only if you connect the clips inside the wing, or if you stagger the leadout ends. Otherwise the holes should never be farther apart than one inch, preferrably closer than a half inch.

With a three-line Robert's system it is conventional that pull on the middle line closes the throttle. It is desirable to bring this line out closer to the aft line, also arranging controls so that the aft line is "'UP". This trick will allow slow flight at maximum yaw angle. The over-and-under lendout system in Stunt is somewhat shaky, since the airplane responds in the lateral direction (roll), generally unfavorably, if you're looking for maximum smoothness in sharp corners.

If, perchance, your use of these data show's apparent errors, please try to consider every variable involved before you condemn us. Many carefully observed experiments have been performed to establish our high degree of confidence. If you still have trouble ship us every bit of information and we'll check it out


My thanks to Keith Trostle for supplying copies of the original article.


 
    


Control-Line Aerodynamics Made Painless
THE CONTROL SYSTEM
By Bill Netzeband
Originally published in 'American Modeler', September/October 1966.

For us it is difficult, for him, easy! But in this priceless discussion there are nuggets of gold strewn all over the circle.
If you dig math, you'll be miles ahead of the game. If not, even a casual reading will open many doors.
-----oooOooo-----


Because both lift and centrifugal force increase as the square of velocity, and the lift capability of a given surface increases due to more favorable Reynold's Number, an airplane should turn better at a higher speed. Yet we have all experienced the stunt or combat rig that "opened up" at high speeds.
There are also the cases of speed jobs that become uncontrollable after hitting top end, or the sport ship that "stiffens up" when the engine peaks. All of these mysteries are not mysteries at all. The control system was simply not capable of moving the elevator at those speeds. So this session should clear out the lack of science normally used in control system "design". When we're through we will have established sound calculations for: control surface loads (torque about the hinge); pushrod maximum load before buckling; correct control horn length; correct belicrank size; and correct handle line spacing. A system designed by these methods will not only operate at all practical speeds, but can be tailored to your personal control motions as a pilot.

What System? A control-line airplane achieves aerodynamic control information through a system of first class levers (Fig. 3). A handle is attached to a pilot and to a T-shaped bellcrank in the airplane via two inextensible flexible wires. The bellcrank forces are translated into push-pull forces via a rigid pushrod which connects to a control horn(s) at the elevator and/or flaps. These forces overcome aerodynamic loads on the moveable control surfaces, thus positioning them in direct relation to control handle position.

It should be pointed out that we provide positioning forces, and that ignorance of this concept has lead to some spectacular landing approaches. Look at Fig. 3 and pick up the nomenclature assigned to the various dimensions of interest. We'll begin analysis at the other end; as usual.


 
The Control Surface: During this discussion we will refer to a control surface, which can be either elevator or flap. With no torque applied about a control surface hinge, the surface will assume a neutral position. If a torque is applied, the surface will change angle (move) until the airloads on the surface balance the torque. The airloads are proportional to the area of the surface, (span x chord) (bc), the chord (c), theairspeed (V), the deflection from the chord line (&delta), and the angle of attack (&omega) of the fixed surface.

Precise formula is Equation 10 (Nomograph 5). Hf is the total hinge torque. From Eq. 10 we can surmise some interesting surmeece. Hinge torque increases as the square of velocity, and the cube of scale (b.c.c.), also increasing directly with (&delta & &omega). You fly a given airplane twice as fast, you need four times the control force, or build a twice-size airplane and it will require eight times the control force.

Any clues yet? A major breakthrough toward CL system analysis was finding sound data for (Ch), the Hinge torque parameter. This number plotted in Graph (2) provides a coefficient related to control surface deflection and fixed surface (&omega) for known~ratios of hinged surface chord to total chord (Cf/C). When applied in Eq. 10 it gives actual hinge torque in pound-inches, having had "q" corrected for units normally used (inches, and mph). To use Graph (2) determine (Cf/C) using average chords, maximum deflection angles and for now, estimated surface (&omega).


 
Nomograph 6 is a simple ratio computer, useful in several control calculations. More exact (&omega) is forthcoming. For a stabilator, estimate (&delta) as deflection angle less airplane (&omega). The two coefficients you read from the graph are applied in.Eq. 9 to get (Ch). As an example: if (Cf/C)=.40; C(&omega)=-0.01 and C(&delta)=-.015. We must watch the polarity of these functions, so: "Up" control surface (&delta) is a negative angle, Down is positive. A positive angle (&omega) of the fixed surface (airplane nose up) gets a negative sign (nose down is positive). These have more meaning to man-carrying machines since they must maintain one type of control action, "backstick, up elevator" etc'.

We are more intuitive with our numbers, since we can hook up our system in several conventions, as long as handle action. produces what we want. Back at the ranch, to get Ch for our example, let: (&delta)=30 degrees up and (&omega)=8 degrees nose up. Ch becomes (-.010) (-8) + (-.015) (-30) = + .53. For a stabilator at 30degrees deflection and airplane (&omega) of 8 degrees nose up, (&delta) becomes -30+8 = -22 degrees, and Ch=-.0l5 (-22) +.33. As we said, since we put the horn on either top or bottom the signs are important only during Ch calculation. You might browse through some of your own airplanes for practice.

To round out the first calculation let's make our elevator two different sizes with the same area, to illustrate the effect of aspect ratio. For 50 sq. in. we can go b=l0 and C=5 or b=25 and C=2. OK? At a velocity of 60 mph, Hf for Surface (1)=8.35 lb-in.; surface (2) Hf=3.35 lb-in. One blow for high aspect ratio. If you increased your velocity to 85 mph, Hf would double!

The Pushrod: This essential device, is generally overworked and underpaid. In its best geometry it should be an absolutely straight rod, but this is seldom possible. It is weakest in compression (push), and is treated mathematically by Euler's Equation for Long Thin Cylinders in compression. Failure is due to buckling, or springing out of a straight line, and having done this it can carry no larger load. It should be obvious that a buckled control rod will create no more surface deflection, generally allowing the surface to "back off" or lose angle. About a third of our problems are explained by this.


 
Graph (3) presents calculated buckling loads for two sizes of common pushrod wire. We built a test rig and measured several diameters in various lengths. Results were: (a) We can get only 90 percent of calculated values because our wire isn't straight enough as we buy it; (b) Unsupported rods with as little as 1/8-in. offset, buckle at such ridiculously low figures, they are almost unpredictable; (c) our salvation lies in reducing unsupported rod distances with fairleads. With any design you know pushrod length, right? We need to know pushrod load. Comes the first compromise. We attack the problem by establishing a control horn dimension (e) which will allow pushrod load (Fr) to be a "safe" value, that is, below buckling load. Take your pushrod length, assume one fairlead in the exact center, enter Graph (3) at a length equal to the longest segment of pushrod (in our case 1/2 the total length). Read the proper curve for buckling load. Now look up Equation 11, plug in Hf, Fr, and Cos (&delta). Cos (&delta) is necessary because as you move the control surface, the effective control horn force arm decreases proportional to Cos (&delta). We are still solving for maximum loads.

Continuing our example, Hf=8.35, we pick 16-in. long 1/16-dia. pushrod so that Fr for an 8-in. rod=4 lbs. At (&delta)=30 degrees Cos (&delta)=.866, so e=2.4 in. Oops! So we have a kooky elevator, but let's thrash it through.

Use a 3/32-in. pushrod, Fr=20 lbs and e=.48in. A bit more reasonable, yes? Just as a matter of f'r'instance our other elevator would have needed a .97" horn with the 1/16-in. dia. pushrod.

The Delicrank: The force to actuate the elevator is amplified by the belicrank, is transmitted by the pushrod and comes from a differential tension balance between the lines as one end of the handle is moved away from the airplane. Note, if there were no elevator load, each line would carry a load equal to 1/2 CF in all positions, assuming no stops or restrictions to movement. The maximum force which can be used to move controls is the full Centrifugal force (CF) applied to one line in tension. The other line becomes slack and exerts no load on the system (assuming the aerodynamic drag tension components to be equal). This key opens the next door in our system analysis.

To establish bellcrank dimensions we utilize two sets of requiremcnts, spiced with some individuality. Equation 12 defines the relationship of bellcrank dimensions to the already fixed "numbers". If we have a 40 ounce airplane on 65-ft. lines; CF=9.l lbs b/c=2.2. Spelled out we need a bellcrank where (b) is not less than 2.2 x (c). But we don't have (c) yet! Comes the intuition backed by experience. The proof of the following is left up to the reader.

A study of bellcrank and horn geometry will show that the best relations between bellcrank travel (&phi) and elevator travel (&delta) occur when C is equal to or smaller than e. See Eq. 18 for relationship. Note also that angles are related by trigonometric functions since we generate a linear displacement by rotary motion. When c=e, each degree of bellcrank travel produces one degree of elevator, if the approach angle of the pushrod is parallel to a line between hinge points and the pushrod holes at neutral are square with this line. Good systems are possible with c's down to 0.6e. Below this it begins to take too much belicrank travel to produce elevator motion, although it could be useful to correct a sensitive design that is not totally unstable.

In cases where (c) is larger than (e), elevator angles quickly reach 85 degrees, the action becomes too "fast" at the ends, and the system is prone to be inadequate in producing useful control forces. So, we have narrowed the selection of c to a range between e and 0.6e. For trial values try 5 steps like e, 0.9e, 0.8e, 0.7e, and 0.6e or just pick one from experience. One other point; if b/c comes out larger than 3, you're really in trouble because standard bellcranks don't provide b/c much over 3. If this is the case, your solution is to establish a longer control horn, reducing pushrod loads, thus requiring less mechanical advantage at the bellcrank. Or, you can build your own custom bellcrank.

Another significant argument for reduced pushrod loads is hole wear. The lower the Fr, the longer a system will operate without wear. The practice of bushing the bearing holes leads in this same direction by increasing the hole surface area, thereby reducing the stress level, accomplishing the same reduced wear.



To pick a bellcrank, having established a reasonable (c), use Table 2 which lists most of the commercially available bellcranks and their dimensions. A horn with the proper (e) may be found in Table 3. Note that dimensions shown for external type horns are from the base of the horn to each hole. You'll have to add on 1/2 of the elevator thickness or specifically the distance from the horn base to the center of the hinge to get the proper (e) dimension. It is highly desirable that your b/c was less than one (1.0). In this case a bellcrank can be selected that will provide a b/c larger than the required b/c allowing a large safety margin. In such a case simply establish (c) as before, pick a bellcrank to suit your whim and record its b/c ratio.



In our example we will pick c=e (.438) so b=.97" (roughly a 2-in. bellcrank). This will give a marginal system with stiff "feel". From Table 2, the TF Nylon 2-in. is about the only exact copy available. This could be used with Veco small horn, a Kurtz horn or a Veco external horn on a 1/8-in. elevator. If we were carrying an 8 lb.-in. torque, the Veco small horn would probably not hack it due to the 1/16 wire carrying the torque. In fact for such a kooky elevator, we would probably go up to a 3/4-in. horn and a larger bellcrank to reduce pushrod wear. However, we'll carry this one through to completion, since it allows us to point out critical areas for compromise. Actually we are very close to the end.

The Handle: To complete the system we must pick a handle, specifically the line spacing to correctly correlate your natural motions to full elevator travel. To this end, you'll have to do some educated guesswork. Each of us has a hand-motion computer built into our brain. We've trained it and expect (or prefer) the airplane to hit its maximum control response, at the point of handle travel we like (&theta). The game then, is to find your own preference. Studies indicate it will be between 10 degrees and 30 degrees, averaging less than 25. My own preference seems to be 22 degrees and most people who have test flown my ships, prefer "faster controls" (smaller &theta). Our sample system, using my 22 degrees &theta would use a 2.68" line spacing (h=l.34), such spacing being twice h. We have just established dimensions for a complete control system. However, this system is just exactly right for all given parameters at 60 mph. At higher speeds we would be in trouble, at lower speeds, no problem. The reasons are not readily obvious, but consist of one large fact. We set up our controls to just reach pushrod buckling under the conditions specified. This is the limiting factor in the whole system since Fr is the maximum force which can be applied to the elevator horn.

We can increase pushrod force with more speed or a larger b/c at the bellcrank, but since Hf increases in the same relation as CF, our pushrod will buckle before reaching maximum (&delta). A further problem rears its ugly head when we try to hit a square corner coming into the wind out of level flight, with a marginal system. The CF comes from velocity relative to center of circle. Heading into the breeze causes this velocity to decrease, hence CF decreases. The elevator sees actual velocity of the airstream which increases. With increased Hf, decreased CF and a marginal Fr, you can't get full control! We recommend a tentative solution which applies a bias factor to Hf for stunt, combat and sport ships "that fly on their backs." Until further notice multiply Hf by 1.4 and then design your system.

The additional 40 percent should keep you out of trouble 98 percent of the time without overdesigning the system. We don't anticipate any problems with Rats, TR's, Carrier or Trainer types, unless elevators are a very large portion of the stabilizer. Design for a speed 10 mph over the highest you expect. Speed types have a problem to be covered at a later date, basically due to lack of torque at the control unit and high airspeeds.

Flaperoonies: Precision aerobatic types have a longer chore, since flaps also require force to move. Flap Hf and F are computed in the same way as the elevator. We suspect from preliminary aerodynamic checks that most contemporary ships don't change angle of attack during a maneuver, but you could assume maybe six degrees just for safety. Equation 13 is "good" only if you use a flap horn for transfer in 1-to-1 ratio (Fig. 3) (case I), or if you connect a-la late model T-Bird with direct connection between bellerank and elevator and tie your flaps to that same rod. The bellerank to flap rod must be designed to carry both flap and elevator loads for case (1).

Good design practice says use either equal flap and elevator travel or use more elevator travel than flap. So you must pick some geometric relation between (f) and (e) as well as relating both to (c). Takes a little judgment and a little more work, but you guys are in more danger than the rest, too. You might run a check for overhead maneuvers by assuming 1g (CF) and an airspeed around 40 mph. In most cases the enlarged Hf factor should cover you.

During overhead maneuvers, the lack of turning ability can be traced to low airspeed and one g unit taken away by gravity. It begins to appear that a correetly designed acrobatic airplane would fly better at 60 mph, than at the 45 to 55 we use now. At best, there is an excellent chance that the conventional design can fly better than it does right now.



Details: Graph (4) provides data to locate a set of stops at the bellcrank to provide known maximum control angles, or simply to provide enough clearance. Eq. 15 computes the bellcrank angle (&theta) for values of (&delta) and (e/c). For our test case &theta=&delta or 30 degrees. If we used the TF 2-in. bellerank, we'd locate the mounting bolt 5/8in. from a rib restricting its motion, and thus the elevator to 30 degrees. The dotted portion of each curve indicates that the pushrod arm of the bellerank must be cut down to fit.

It is interesting to note that all bellcranks except the old Kenhi unit have an unmodified minimum &theta within one degree of 40. lt is recommended that a resilient pad, such as urethane foam or foam rubber 1/4" thick, faced with shim stock, be used as stops. This will decrease the shock load on the lines during sharp action.



The sketch in Fig. 3 illustrates another critical feature of the system. For symmetrical up and down angles the pushrod end in the horn should fall on a line 90 degrees from the line connecting the horn hole and the bellcrank. If installed as shown in an aft location, the effective torque arm has already traveled a good part of its arc, and your actual (e) dimension is longer than you thought. Such placement can be used to advantage IF you desire more control in one direction. lf placed aft of the hinge you'll get fast up and slow down. Placed forward of hinge the opposite is true. Of course for the horn on top all bets are reversed!

Summary: Elevator size and maximum angle are fixed values for any given airplane and mission. So Hf is fixed. Pushrod buckling load is the first weak link, so it must be designed by computing an (e) dimension to suit the physical requirements. The pushrod can be strengthened by shortening unsupported distances with fairleads (guides) and/or increasing the wire diameter. Pushrod loads can be reduced by using a larger e at the horn, and wear can be further reduced by increasing the thickness of material at the bearing holes, either bushings or thicker material. The design b/c ratio is the second area where trouble can be eliminated (or caused). It should be set up so that the required b/c is less than one (1.0), and a bellcrank should be selected with a b/c ratio larger than 1.5. These additional mechanical advantages should prevent loss of control under almost any unexpected condition of flight. IF you find that the system gets out of hand in a practical scnsc, you can always back up closer to the exact values computed. Finally, your personal handle travel preference should be established by experiment and designed into ALL of your airplanes.


 
Sorry, I can't improve on this quality.

DES!GN PROCEDURE
1. For elevator-chord ratio (CF/C) and predicted maximum angle of deflection calculate (Ch), using Eq. 9 and Graph (2).
2. With airspeed, elevator dimensions and Ch calculate Hf-(Nomograph 5). (See text for Stunt and Combat.)
3. From pushrod size and geometry, determine Fr (Graph 2).
4. Establish (e) using equation 11, at the maximum angle from step 1.
5. Calculate Centrifugal Force using airplane estimated weight, line length andairspeed. Nomograph 3. [Part I]
6. Calculate b/c from eq. 12 or if flaps are used, eq. 13.
7. Browse through table 3 and pick a horn with proper e dimension.
8. As a trial c, pick out a bellcrank with a c dimension so that e/c=1. Check that bellcrank for b/c required. If the bellcrank's b/c is larger than your required b/c, you're in. If not, try another. Use Nomograph 6 to speed calculations involving ratios. As proved earlier c should be between e and 0.6e.
9. With bellcrank selected you can establish handle dimension (h), designing it with Eq. 14 to move your favorite angle (&theta). Remember (h) is 1/2 of the actual line spacing.
10. Using Eq. 15 establish bellerank travel angle (&theta).
II. If desired, a blocked system can be made using locating dimension from Graph (4), or at least guaranteeing enough clearance.


 
Sorry, I can't improve on this quality.

Part 3 will include data on single-line systems, aerodynamic balance of control surfaces, and the physics of flight at altitudes above the handle. These first articles cover those items which are peculiar to CL airplanes. Future articles will establish firm design data for the airplane itself from minimum turn radius to landing speeds.


My thanks to Keith Trostle for supplying copies of the original article.



In a dead-stick glide, Dave Gierke's excellentIy designed NOVI displays it's srnooth, flewing lines.

Control-Line Aerodynamics Made Painless (Part 3)
By Bill Netzeband
Originally published in 'American Modeler', December 1967.

'Your airplane is smarter than you are! It knows and obeys every aerodynamics law.' Which is to say that 'old debil' math is really a useful tool. By its careful application many 'mysterious' factors are made plain.
-----oooOooo-----


Editor's Note: In the Sept./Oct. and Nov./Dec., 1966 issues were presented Parts I and II of this series. Both the editor and author lacked faith at that time that enough control-liners would seriously consider the mathematical aspects of design. Many favorable letters have been received since. Some called us "chicken" for quitting. This final article now is published with the observation that it should have been printed long ago. (Both dates are wrong - DD.)
Reviewing the introduction to this informative series we may have supplied rather shaky reasons for going to all these lengths to properly design a "rock on a string. "The fact that most published designs were "brute force" (cut-nt-crash) developed didn't always detract from their final shape.

It has become apparent that anyone, no matter how misinformed, can run down the rest of us who "roll our own" designs. So let us elevate the purpose of these reports thusly: Your finished airplane is smarter than you are! It instinctively knows every solitary aerodynamic law, and unquestionly obeys them to the letter. It therefore behooves us to learn as many of the important laws as possible so that we don't demand something which that smart lil' ole' airplane cannot do.

We will deal mostly in how, and how much with flights into why, where it is important. Mathematics are an essential part of our process, since without numbers, the principles are pretty academic and often misleading. As promised, the derivations of equations generally won't be detailed, except where the final product is clarified. It is also planned to suggest test methods and/or devices, so that ultimately we may communicate on the firm base of measured performance, rather than "Gee Whiz, it sure looked good." So much for reintroduction.

Since you've already peeked at the sketches, we're dealing with the major lateral and vertical force diagram to evaluate surface lift requirements, maximum level flight altitudes and a method for measuring the maximum lift for an airplane. Also a discussion of the propeller as a gyroscope with perhaps the answer to some of your "mysterious" crashes.


 
Fig. 4a illustrates the major physical forces generated by restraining a mass (our CG) in horizontal flight level with the handle. CF is centrifugal force from Part 1, Nomograph No.3. FA is line tension equal and opposite to CF. W & L are airplane weight and the surface lift necessary to just equal W. This is the simplest case, since each vector system is essentially "in line." This is the flight mode used to determine maximum line tension and trim lift.

It should be noted here that wing lift is assumed to be normal (perpendicular) to the chord line. If the airplane is banked into the circle (vector LB), the wing must generate more life to support W, buf will allow FA to decrease. For small angles, up to 10 degrees LB is almost equal to L, and the reduction of FA is W tan B, since L=W. For a heavy ship (3 lb.) at a l0-degree bank angle, line tension would be reduced almost 0.5 lb. without requiring additional lift. This effect is directly opposite if banked outward, and is not proportional to airspeed.

The use of this phenomenon is not desirable for aerobatics or combat, but could be used for in Navy Carrier (outbank) or a heavy Rat or Speed job (bank in). The most reliable method to obtain this force is to place the line(s) guide ahove (bank in) or below (outbank) the CG of the airplane. Any other method to generate a roll force (wing warping, ailerons, weight, etc.) will add detrimental side effects (no pun intended) such as added drag, an angle proportional to airspeed or adverse yawing effects.

It can be readily shown that a bank angle exists for any line length and airspeed which would give zero line tension (W tan B = CF). Actually, the amount of weight is not a factor, since CF can be reduced to its equivalent "g" factor by factoring out W. Therefore bank angle for zero line tension becomes a product of line length and airspeed. For 60' lines at 100 mph, angle B would be 85 degrees 51 minutes (11 g's) NOT too practical, but interesting. It is entirely possible that the wing cannot generate the lift necessary to do a kooky trick like that, anyway.

Points against banking in, are the landing and takeoff, where "g" factors of less than 1/2 are generated. Control can be lost, and/or the airplane could "come in" on you. Meanwhile, back to important stuff. Fig. 4b represents the real meat of this sandwich. CF is now calculated for a radius less than the line length (r cos &lambda). (&lambda) is the angle of elevation, which is somewhat easier to visualize than actual altitude (h), and is more convertible for varying line lengths. (sin (&lambda) = h/r). Under the conditions of 4b, FA is less than FA for horizontal flight (Fig. 4a) since the lift vector (L) now assumes some horizontal restraining forces. L will be shown to become tremendous at high angles, and maximum lift capability of an airplane will limit the maximum elevation angle.

Perhaps we should point out that we are dealing with level flight, not to be confused with looping and such maneuvers. It is not so difficult to prove that an airplane can be zoomed into lift factors not available in level sustained flight due to kinetic energy stored in the system.



Equations 3-1 and 3-2 were derived by conventional vector analysis and are the basis for the rest of our juggling. To simplify trial analysis we factored out weight (W), reducing the force system to "g" units, now dependent only on airspeed (V) elevation angle (&lambda) and line length (r). We then substituted the equation for CF in terms of "g" units, arriving at equations 3-3 and 3-4. By specifying (V), and (r), we can calculate line tension and lift at various elevation angles. Calculations are reduced by use of Nomograph No.3 (July/Aug. '66) and Trigonometric Functions annoted in Table 4. Simple results are plotted on Graph 5 for an airplane on 60' lines traveling at a constant 100 mph. To get actual forces, simply multiply "g" factors by W. Sample numbers would apply to a slow Rat at 26 ounces. L in "g"s are listed.

Come now the engineering compromises. We cannot get lift without drag. Increased lift causes increased drag, so without being able to increase thrust, the higher we fly. the slower we go. O.K.? Since high flying is one large bone of contention in contest judging, we should know where a "point of diminishing returns" is reached. Or. should I fly at the maximum allowed height or not? (We do uot advocate cheating!) Space does not allow complete evaluation of induced drag at this sitting, so complete analysis of actual speed reduction versus "apparent speed increase" will merely be dangled before you. right now. ("Apparent speed" is equal to V actual/cos(&lambda).)



Of immediate interest is maximum lift, since we now have most of the machinery to measure it. To evaluate a given airplane, a graph or series of point calculations leading to L versus (&lambda) are necessary. For most CL airplanes a Lift Coefficient (CL) of 0.9 is about the limit before going into hard stall conditions. Nomograph 7 will calculate L, D, or CL and CD depending on the order of procedure. (Eq. 3-5 and 3-6) If. as we have right now, values for L, we can calculate CL. The example shown on the face of the Nomoglaph can be solved for CL by proceeding as follows:
I ) Pick up wing area (S) and lift required (L) with straight edge and hold crossing point 1;
2) Holding 1, swing to V on left hand scale, reading answer CL on RH scale.

Lift coefficient (CL) is a figure of merit defining the lift per unit area of a wing for specific conditions of Reynolds Number and angle of attack. It is necessary to introduce it, unadorned, so that we have common ground to complete this discussion. As we said, except for a high efficiency stunt wing with high lift devices, most CL wings will stall at CL=0.9. At this point drag is extremely high, and lift will decrease if you force the wing to higher angles of attack. An end point for high lift without excessive decrease in airspeed due to induced drag is closer to 0.3 or 0.4.

Having plotted or tabled L and corresponding CL versus (&lambda), pick out the CL of interest, and note the elevation angle. This is the maximum angle at which you can fly level (if CL were 0.9) or maybe the highest to fly for best "apparent speed."

During all of this, a detailed study of PA indicates a small decrease in line tension as (&lambda) increases. From Eq. 3-1, at 90 degrees line tension disappears except for airplane weight coming down. From Eq. 3-3 it appears to be different, that line tension in g units is equal to horizontal g's reduced by sin (&lambda) (which varies from 0 to 1.0). The apparent mathematical anomaly is caused by the fact that under practical circumstances CF for a zero radius is infinite, such that correct procedures require definition ot max-min values by calculus. We cannot practically reach these limits, so they are hereby ignored.

if we apply wing areas of 90 sq. in. and 140 sq. in. to our sample plot and a fixed weight of 26 ounces, we have a country fair argument for the larger area Rat Racers. F'rinstance, applying CL of 0.4 for best speed at altitude, the 90 comes in at 15 degrees, the 140 at 26. Maximum elevation for the 90 is conservatively 35 degrees as opposed to 49 degrees for the big one. Granted you can zoom maybe ten degrees higher to pass, but you won't stay up there long! Note also, that line tension is reduced by only 0.9 ,'g" even at 60 degrees, although the speed reduction we know exists will cause an actual reduction, since CF will decrease. Finally, 20' (max. racing al- titude, except passing) represents an (&lambda) of 19.5 degrees, not too encouraging for the 90, if the 140's decide to run at 20 ft!



if we had a way to measure V and (&lambda) while flying our airplane, without wind, at its highest altitude, we could calculate its maximum lift coefficient. Luckily, both can be measured with reasonable accuracy, if you want to take a little time to build a crude theodelite from Fig. 5; Using the gadget like a pistol, sighting through the eyepiece until the bullseye covers the airplane, while several laps are clocked with a stop watch, you have both angle and velocity nailed down. (V) can be calculated from Eq 3-7.

Knowing the angle (&lambda) and velocity, we can plug these numbers, along with (r), into equation 3-4 and come up with (L') in g's. By multiplying (L') by (W), we have (L max) from which CL max can be calculated from Nomograph 7 (Eq 3-5 or 3-6). This would settle manv questions, like in stunt as to just what CL is a practical maximum. The reduction in airspeed from level flight (minimum drag) will give a measure of drag increase. It is needless to tell you that this information is useless, unless you dig in and apply it, isn't it?

Particularly significant in stunt and combat is maximum lift, since this determines the minimum looping radius. It has become apparent that indiscriminant use of full-size airfoil data has led to some extremely optimistic turn radii. We seldom achieve the efficiency of a large wing at high speed. Therefore, to derive usefulI data we are using experimental measurements such as this one to write our own book.



The next phenomenon has been published before, without specifically pointing out one dangerous area. The propeller acts as a gyroscope since it is a rotating mass and numerical analysis proves that under adverse conditions it can generate enough precession torque to cause trouble. Referring to Fig. 6a we see the conventional forces associated with a gyro. The physics of the system are too complex to put down here; only the results will be presented. Essentially what occurs for conventional prop rotation (CCW when viewed from front), when the rotation axis X-X (prop shaft) is tilted, a reaction torque appears in one of the axes perpendicular to the X-X axis.

In the case shown in Fig. 6a, we are flying in the conventional direction (CCW) and move the nose down (coupling forces P-P'). This rotation is about the Z-Z axis and the precession torque appears about the vertical axis Y-Y in the direction shown. All of the forces involved here are couples (two equal and opposite forces in the same plane, but not along the same line). A couple is handled as a torque (a force on an arm causing rotation) and can be balanced only with an equal and opposite couple. or torque. These facts cause the precession force to be independent of its distance from the CG, so long or short nose lengths do not affect it. Therefore, the illustrated torque appears at the CG turning the nose into the circle.

As noted, nose up turns produce nose out torque, while the steady left hand acceleration of level flight produces a small nose up torque. These arc all real, sport fans. The amount of precession torque depends directly on the mass (weight) of the propeller, its diameter (specifically the CG location of each blade), the engine rpm and the angular acceleration (rate of airplane turning) which is in turn dependcnt on airspeed and turn radius. The larger any of these, except turn radius, the larger the precession torque.

There are several danger points in the precision acrobatic pattern, where high rates of nose.down pitch are required, the square eight and the middle two corners of the hourglass. Noting the reversal of conditions in inverted flight (Fig. 6b) one can include the second and third reverse wingover comers and bottoms of outside square loops. The effect can vary from momentary loss of control to complete loss of airplane.

In the early days with the climb and dive maneuvers we had troubles, too. To deliberately look for this force John Barr and I took his late "Lil Satan" with ST 15 diesel power, increased the stabilator area for sharper turns and performed hairy climbs with sharp pullouts. Finally with a 9-3 prop, relatively slow airspeed (low line tension) and high rpm, we started getting it every time. The nose would swing in violently, the ship would completely slack off and float to the other side. During the initial test series we were ready and could regain control before it crashed, but during a night session she pulled the bit so quickly and accidentally that the end arrived. The stunt ship with its marginal centrifugal force and a combat rig with a slight warp and high rpm mill are prime victims for this force. Since plastic props weigh about 50 percent more than wood props they will generate 50 percent more precession force.

The effect of the small nose-up or down-down precession in level flight explains the apparent stability increase while flying inverted since the effect is destabilizing in CCW flight and stabilizing in CW. This probably explains why the majority of the "developed" stunt rigs end up with a raised thrust line, to partially compensate for the precession effect on trim.


My thanks to Keith Trostle for supplying copies of the original article.


Me I just do this by what has worked for me in the past. But all this is not what this thread is about. Its about my regret not flying my second flight.

 
    


 
    
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: wwwarbird on June 21, 2013, 12:09:36 AM
UHhhhhhhh...I think you missed something here.  Brett said RUN a TIMER...you know one of those things that shuts off the fuel supply.  They're legal and available now.  Work off of a tiny little battery and very small servo.  Less than an ounce of extra weight.
Shut off at the same time every time!!!
I saw a couple being used here in Tucson over a year ago!  Worked very well.
I think Bob Whitely had one in his Blackbird that he used at the last team trials.
Personally I think it's a very minor problem and very reliable to measure fuel and keep the fuel system clean and set the needle properly.

Randy Cuberly

 They're legal? If that's the case I guess it's ok then, I didn't realize that fuel shutoffs were allowed for IC in stunt.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Dan McEntee on June 21, 2013, 02:18:12 AM
I handed it to you.  I even did it for you.  Here is the reference and calculator once again: http://stunthanger.com/smf/index.php?topic=30303.msg300702#msg300702 This assumes that you have Excel, but doesn't most everybody these days? 

Moment from gyroscopic precession is independent of the length of the nose.  
    I reviewed that thread a little before getting into this one, but missed the link to the calculator. Thanks for the reminder. I have the same problem with it that I had last time. I downloaded it, but can't get anything loaded into it? Am I missing some instruction somewhere? I promise I'll do my home work over the weekend, but got to figure out how the calculator works. Too late tonight and work both jobs tomorrow. Must sleep.
  Type at you later,
   Dan McEntee
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 21, 2013, 07:46:19 AM
It's not as self-explanatory as it looked at the time.  Enter numbers in the yellow cells.  You can enter as many parts as you want (one per row for each configuration) to add up.  The motor-battery example might help.  There I fiddled with the motor distance on config. 2 to get the cg to come out the same as it would for config. 1. 
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Eric Viglione on June 21, 2013, 09:11:35 AM
It's not as self-explanatory as it looked at the time.  Enter numbers in the yellow cells.  You can enter as many parts as you want (one per row for each configuration) to add up.  The motor-battery example might help.  There I fiddled with the motor distance on config. 2 to get the cg to come out the same as it would for config. 1.  

Well Howard, I actually did download the sheet, and I tried to even be as even handed as I could to both the IC and the Epower, using the big PA for the IC, and the 6.5 oz epower motor  and typical battery for a ship my size. I then did a little sooth saying, and decided I would use the actual effective CG of each part. The PA CG was determined off a real engine I had handy, then biased in relation to where it bolts down (pretty much the front two holes close to the larger ball bearing). I would imagine everything that "mounts" has it's own little moment as well, so I'm kinda winging it, but it should be really close. Like I've held Epower batteries, and aside from the wire sticking out the front, they feel pretty well symmetrically balanced, same for IC fuel tank, maybe a hair forward towards the mounts, so the middle of the battery should be a safe area to use as the point to locate it on your spreadsheet.

Anywho, using my Katana moments (10.5 nose moment, plus 3.5" back to CG for a total of 14" moment from Spinner ring and everything spread out in relation to that) it's darn near a wash, with the rear mounted Epower motor, but the advantage goes to the IC setup for moment of inertia with the front mounted EMotor by a about 12% (PA75 193 vs / EMotor 223).
I found the exercise very interesting, thanks Howard!

I'm not an aero designer, but I still have to say I feel this is only a small component of our design goals. I mean, it really shouldn't be a contest of who has the smallest front moment of inertia, because I think we WANT to run a certain length tail moment with a relational tail volume, and since I think we like to watch a certain average length fuselage package to make our tricks pretty and draw our shapes in the size hemisphere we play in.

So even if a lighter front end was actually possible, would we want it? I don't think so...

Example - I have 2) PA 40's, one old school, and one Merlin that weighs about like an FP. The scary thing is they put out nearly the same power. BUT... I would never want to use the Merlin in a big 670 square inch ship, even if it could pull it, since I'll just be adding nose weight anyways, and I don't think a redesign to force it to work would be to any advantage.

Still, like I said, it was a fun excerise.

EricV
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 21, 2013, 11:12:27 AM
The Merlin 40 which only weighs 8 ounces will put out more power than a VF40 that weighs 12 ounces,
Bob McDonald and many others are using a Merlin 40 on a ship over 700 sq in.  THe Merlin 40 will pull an IMPACT as well or better than a VF, you would just need to add 4 ounces of lead in the nose to balance out the moment.
Eric the Merlin 40 will power your airplane easily, at 8 ounces..you also would need a little noseweight .

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 21, 2013, 11:44:54 AM
I mean, it really shouldn't be a contest of who has the smallest front moment of inertia...

Oh, heck no.  I wish I'd made my current dog's nose longer.  I probably wouldn't notice the increased Ixx, but I'd sure notice the effect of removing the 3 oz. of ballast. 
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Eric Viglione on June 21, 2013, 12:35:30 PM
<snip> Eric the Merlin 40 will power your airplane easily, at 8 ounces..you also would need a little noseweight.
Randy

Yes, hence my comments and the point of the mental excersize. I'll comment more in next reply to Howard...

EricV
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Reptoid on June 21, 2013, 02:56:12 PM
Oh, heck no.  I wish I'd made my current dog's nose longer.  I probably wouldn't notice the increased Ixx, but I'd sure notice the effect of removing the 3 oz. of ballast. 
Making the next Dog's hindquarters lighter would be even better (best of both worlds), you have the technology 8)
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Eric Viglione on June 21, 2013, 03:22:59 PM
Oh, heck no.  I wish I'd made my current dog's nose longer.  I probably wouldn't notice the increased Ixx, but I'd sure notice the effect of removing the 3 oz. of ballast. 

I think we are simpatico Howard. And your spreadsheet shows, it doesn't take a huge amount of moment length change, to negate a lot of ballast out at the end. This stuff can all be designed around if you have a good feel for the parameters in advance, or are working on an evolution of an existing design and just changing the weight /length on one aspect.

And, also addressing Randy's comments, what I was getting at was more design related than any particular power plants performance attributes, the PA’s were just a handy example. I could have said that using a 6.5 ounce Brodak 40 in a short nose OTS Humongous where it would normally have something like a 10.5 ounce K&B 4011 to make the same point. It was a statement about similar power but vastly different weights not being ideal for a given airframe where you would have to add balast or change the design.

EricV
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 21, 2013, 04:21:49 PM
"And, also addressing Randy's comments, what I was getting at was more design related than any particular power plants performance attributes, the PA’s were just a handy example. I could have said that using a 6.5 ounce Brodak 40 in a short nose OTS Humongous where it would normally have something like a 10.5 ounce K&B 4011 to make the same point. It was a statement about similar power but vastly different weights not being ideal for a given airframe where you would have to add balast or change the design.

EricV"


Which was why I made the post..many people build the mid size or small 61 size SVs with the Merlin 40 for the power, we extent the nose moment on the plane 1/2 inch ,and lighten the tail for balance. There are even a few building and flying 680 to 710 sq in planes with the 8 ounce Merlin.. if you want to do the math..it has much less concentrated weight in the nose moment than an electric..I am not sure it really makes any difference that one can feel " if" the design and layout is correct, or close, I even think it maybe worse to build a plane extent the nose, put a 6 ounce motor up front with a 11.5 inch nose instead of a 9.5 inch..then have to add 2 ounces of lead to the front, and or move the battery pack as far forward as you can. I certainly would opt for not having to do either.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Dan McEntee on June 21, 2013, 05:21:48 PM
It's not as self-explanatory as it looked at the time.  Enter numbers in the yellow cells.  You can enter as many parts as you want (one per row for each configuration) to add up.  The motor-battery example might help.  There I fiddled with the motor distance on config. 2 to get the cg to come out the same as it would for config. 1. 

    Well, I fiddled with it, as you say, for a bit before I went to bed, and ran the curser all over the page and clicking on stuff. I finally noticed the tabs on top, and when I put the curser there, a box dropped down saying those functions are locked until I get a licensed copy of Micrsoft Office. I don't do any real spread sheet work, so I never knew I didn't have it. Makes me wonder how I was able to download it and open it up? Anyhow, probably wouldn't hurt for me to get it anyway. The only Office software I have is from 2001 or older, and probably doesn't have Excel on it. I'll look into that this weekend.
   Type at you later,
   Dan McEntee
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 21, 2013, 10:28:57 PM
Well Howard, I actually did download the sheet, and I tried to even be as even handed as I could to both the IC and the Epower, using the big PA for the IC, and the 6.5 oz epower motor  and typical battery for a ship my size. I then did a little sooth saying, and decided I would use the actual effective CG of each part. The PA CG was determined off a real engine I had handy, then biased in relation to where it bolts down (pretty much the front two holes close to the larger ball bearing). I would imagine everything that "mounts" has it's own little moment as well, so I'm kinda winging it, but it should be really close. Like I've held Epower batteries, and aside from the wire sticking out the front, they feel pretty well symmetrically balanced, same for IC fuel tank, maybe a hair forward towards the mounts, so the middle of the battery should be a safe area to use as the point to locate it on your spreadsheet.

Anywho, using my Katana moments (10.5 nose moment, plus 3.5" back to CG for a total of 14" moment from Spinner ring and everything spread out in relation to that) it's darn near a wash, with the rear mounted Epower motor, but the advantage goes to the IC setup for moment of inertia with the front mounted EMotor by a about 12% (PA75 193 vs / EMotor 223).
I found the exercise very interesting, thanks Howard!

I'm not an aero designer, but I still have to say I feel this is only a small component of our design goals. I mean, it really shouldn't be a contest of who has the smallest front moment of inertia, because I think we WANT to run a certain length tail moment with a relational tail volume, and since I think we like to watch a certain average length fuselage package to make our tricks pretty and draw our shapes in the size hemisphere we play in.

So even if a lighter front end was actually possible, would we want it? I don't think so...

Example - I have 2) PA 40's, one old school, and one Merlin that weighs about like an FP. The scary thing is they put out nearly the same power. BUT... I would never want to use the Merlin in a big 670 square inch ship, even if it could pull it, since I'll just be adding nose weight anyways, and I don't think a redesign to force it to work would be to any advantage.

Still, like I said, it was a fun excerise.

EricV


The number you have for a electric setup like mine are incorrect. Motor 6.5, spinner .5 ,prop 1.25,battery 12.5,esc 1,timer .5 and so were are comparing apples to apples add fuel weight to the IC setup As I know a PA 75 uses 8 OZ of fuel. Also don't forget the 2 Oz slung under the wing for the pipe. We are talking about flying weight.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 21, 2013, 10:41:21 PM
One last statement. I have been building piped airplanes for only the last 20 years. Searching for the turn I miss. I have found it now with electric. Not saying its the best but its getting better for me.

Even my 48 oz piped Viper. I turned well but not like this new plane I am trimming out. The new electric beam wing flys and feels like a classic 40 OZ plane. I still can feel the concentrated weight in the nose but its better. I am sure its just not the power package that has given this feel. Its a over all combination of things.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 21, 2013, 10:48:33 PM
    Well, I fiddled with it, as you say, for a bit before I went to bed, and ran the curser all over the page and clicking on stuff. I finally noticed the tabs on top, and when I put the curser there, a box dropped down saying those functions are locked until I get a licensed copy of Micrsoft Office. I don't do any real spread sheet work, so I never knew I didn't have it. Makes me wonder how I was able to download it and open it up? Anyhow, probably wouldn't hurt for me to get it anyway. The only Office software I have is from 2001 or older, and probably doesn't have Excel on it. I'll look into that this weekend.

I saved the file in the old file format.  It should work with Excel versions back to 1997.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 21, 2013, 11:15:20 PM
Well Howard, I actually did download the sheet, and I tried to even be as even handed as I could to both the IC and the Epower, using the big PA for the IC, and the 6.5 oz epower motor  and typical battery for a ship my size. I then did a little sooth saying, and decided I would use the actual effective CG of each part. The PA CG was determined off a real engine I had handy, then biased in relation to where it bolts down (pretty much the front two holes close to the larger ball bearing). I would imagine everything that "mounts" has it's own little moment as well, so I'm kinda winging it, but it should be really close. Like I've held Epower batteries, and aside from the wire sticking out the front, they feel pretty well symmetrically balanced, same for IC fuel tank, maybe a hair forward towards the mounts, so the middle of the battery should be a safe area to use as the point to locate it on your spreadsheet.

Anywho, using my Katana moments (10.5 nose moment, plus 3.5" back to CG for a total of 14" moment from Spinner ring and everything spread out in relation to that) it's darn near a wash, with the rear mounted Epower motor, but the advantage goes to the IC setup for moment of inertia with the front mounted EMotor by a about 12% (PA75 193 vs / EMotor 223).
I found the exercise very interesting, thanks Howard!

I'm not an aero designer, but I still have to say I feel this is only a small component of our design goals. I mean, it really shouldn't be a contest of who has the smallest front moment of inertia, because I think we WANT to run a certain length tail moment with a relational tail volume, and since I think we like to watch a certain average length fuselage package to make our tricks pretty and draw our shapes in the size hemisphere we play in.

So even if a lighter front end was actually possible, would we want it? I don't think so...

Example - I have 2) PA 40's, one old school, and one Merlin that weighs about like an FP. The scary thing is they put out nearly the same power. BUT... I would never want to use the Merlin in a big 670 square inch ship, even if it could pull it, since I'll just be adding nose weight anyways, and I don't think a redesign to force it to work would be to any advantage.

Still, like I said, it was a fun excerise.

EricV



            Moment (contribution to CG), inch-oz   203.5               Moment (contribution to CG), inch-oz   230.6         
            Moment of inertia about CG, inch2-ozm   2261.4               Moment of inertia about CG, inch2-ozm   2462.09         
                                          
                         My Katana                                                                                                                      ELC  K plane
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hi Eric
The above was what I got when I ran the numbers on  my setup Katana w/ PA 51....                   vs an ELC  K plane





   

This is the numbers  when  using a  STARIS and  Merlin 40 VS     S  ECL  Plane

            Moment (contribution to CG), inch-oz   162.25               Moment (contribution to CG), inch-oz   230.6         
            Moment of inertia about CG, inch2-ozm   1853.84               Moment of inertia about CG, inch2-ozm   2462.09         
                                                      STARIS                                                                                          S-Plane ECL.


Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 21, 2013, 11:28:14 PM
I think we're letting him use too many walnut shells for that one pea.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 21, 2013, 11:30:33 PM
Humm only 3.12 oz of fuel? Do-ah! Also if my battery weight includes the wire and deans (which it does) Include tank weight and plumbing too along with at least 6.5 oz of fuel. SO as just a guess instead of the 3.1 figure its closer to 8.5-9 Not that is makes any difference but it would be nice to see the numbers.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 21, 2013, 11:40:48 PM
Humm only 3.12 oz of fuel?

That is correct, the fuel load gets less as you fly, It only has 5.5 ounces in it in the pits  fueled up, the minute I crank it it gets lighter with each passing second.
If you want to be accurate you will average the fuel load, which is what i did, that is where the 3.12 comes from

Also if you want to be accurate.. The way people here are measuring where the CG is on the planes is apples and oranges. ie ..If you want it to be correct you will need to measure the CG on the IC planes with the fuel loaded, (then to be accurate you would average this distance and put it back 1/2 of the distance to the CG. )  this is where the CG really is... compared to the ELC  planes with the battery installed. This will result in giving the  IC plane even better number on Howards calc scale of inertia.

Please do not try to tell me the CG is not farther forward on an IC ship when you are actually flying it..and that is the "only"  place is matters... measuring the CG  with 5 to 9 ounces missing  would be the near the same as measuring the  CG of an ELC  plane  with the battery removed.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 21, 2013, 11:42:15 PM
the tank empty weighs at least 1 oz and the plumbing weighs something. So your using 2 oz of fuel? Static CG is all hypothetical. Actual CG can only be read in flight. My CG is way forward. I thought this was about moment of inertia not CG
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 21, 2013, 11:45:59 PM
Humm only 3.12 oz of fuel? Do-ah! Alas if my battery weight includes the wire and deans (which it does) Include tank weight and plumbing too along with at least 6.5 oz of fuel. SO as just a guess instead of the 3.1 figure its closer to 8.5-9 Not that is makes any difference but it would be nice to see the numbers.


No not really  the Merlin  NEVER  EVER  EVER  uses more than 5 to 5.5 in my ships, and it will  never  use anywhere close to 8 ounces, the tank and 5 to 5.5 ounces of fuel  weighs  6.2 ounces.

I
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 21, 2013, 11:47:15 PM

No not really  the Merlin  NEVER  EVER  EVER  uses more than 5 to 5.5 in my ships, and it will  never  use anywhere close to 8 ounces, the tank and 5 to 5.5 ounces of fuel  weighs  6.2 ounces.

I

The figures Eric gives are for a 75 not a 40 and doesnt a 75 weigh more that 11.5? there is also a lot missing in his figures like the coupler and part of the pipe in front of the CG.  not that I even know what all this means. All I know is how my plane reacts. He is including the arming switch so at least you have to include the tubing and filter for .5 more.
(http://stunthanger.com/smf/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=31792.0;attach=129772;image)
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 21, 2013, 11:52:15 PM
the tank empty weighs at least 1 oz and the plumbing weighs something. So your using 2 oz of fuel? Static CG is all hypothetical. Actual CG can only be read in flight. My CG is way forward. I thought this was about moment of enurtha not CG


Lets  look at it this way   how much weight in fuel is in my tank when I am doing the square 8s, the  overheads?  the hour glass, it is much less than the 5 ounces i put in it.
This is  why you must average  the  weight of fuel.

Also you are take into consideration the CG on my plane is also forward when I fuel it up...  you fuel yours up by inserting a battery.

Also the  CG has a lot to do with the moment of inertia

one other thing, I can run my CG  even  farther  forward  by  using forward swept flaps..that also works on IC engines

and lastly even if I go back and use all the fuel load the numbers are still much better.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 21, 2013, 11:57:46 PM
This discussion is all well and good. But I think the plane feels , turns and stops easier with the concentrated weight spread out over the legnth of the nose rather then in the first 6 inches. Not that my opinion matters but I like it. Now if they can just get the battery weight down some more.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 12:01:58 AM
The figures Eric gives are for a 75 not a 40 and doesnt a 75 weigh more that 11.5? there is also a lot missing in his figures like the coupler and part of the pipe in front of the CG.  not that I even know what all this means. All I know is how my plane reacts.
(http://stunthanger.com/smf/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=31792.0;attach=129772;image)

Yes you are correct Eric's number is light, but your number of 13 ounces is wrong, the Merlin 75 weighs 12.25 ounces  not 13, and the E Flite with the hardware and cables weighs more than 6.5

I can run his figures with the accurate weights if you like, it will change the numbers slightly,
Also you are looking at an E-25 and comparing to a PA  75 when you would have a much more accurate comparasion using and Aero Tiger 36.

or you could still use the 75 and use an EC motor that is more the power a 75 will put out, that will weigh 10.5 ounces.

I use a 40  and a 51 in my planes and they are both loafing and not using anywhere near the power you can get from them.
The 75 will turn a Rev UP  16 x 4.5 prop and will fly an orange Intrepid XL thru a pattern in a dead 4 cycle very easily.

There is  much apple and watermelon compares  I have seen on this.  I think most anyone would be better off  using real numbers...or better yet concentrate on your power system and not so much on other peoples power packages.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 22, 2013, 12:03:18 AM
OK your right I'm wrong. I have weighed all the stuff less fuel and the IC package weighs more. I have done this on a scale not guessing

Does anyone think for a moment with as weight crazy as I am I would use the heaver set up? Again I am not saying electric is the best the jury is still out. But its looking good.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 12:06:08 AM
This discussion is all well and good. But I think the plane feels , turns and stops easier with the concentrated weight spread out over the legnth of the nose rather then in the first 6 inches. Not that my opinion matters but I like it. Now if they can just get the battery weight down some more.

I agree  with you..however  my power system is NOT concentrated in the first 6 inches, it is spread out over 9 inches , and my fuel is pushed back to the LE of the wings, most ELC  planes I see now have the fuel load pushed up very close to the motor, also the bulk of the weight of an ELC motor is farther foward than my IC motor by a lot.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 22, 2013, 12:08:57 AM
Anyway you cut it a 6.5 engine on the nose ring is lighter than a 12 OZ engine in the same place. All I know is how it relates in the handle. Sure you can get the same thing with IC but directional stability diminishes as you move CG back. I am not the one who brought this up. I have both set ups and I like the IC as well. I am just experimenting with this too see if its going to suit me. Eric brought up the comparison.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 12:19:34 AM
Anyway you cut it a 6.5 engine on the nose ring is lighter than a 12 OZ engine in the same place. All I know is how it relates in the handle. Sure you can get the same thing with IC but directional stability diminishes as you move CG back

Yes But I can play that too,  a  10 ounce ELC motor mounted right up front on the nose ring weighs  more than a 8.2 ounce PA 40 mounted 2 inches back from the nose ring

That is a much more accurate compare than an E Flite 25 vs  PA 75 which is what your trying to say is even. it is not, the E Flite 25 would be much more close to a 7.9 ounce AT 36.

And if you want to talk about  CG location  you still have to rethink the way your doing it, or just measure your CG with the battery removed.

I just went downstairs and weighed 2 systems too, an IC and an ECL of equivalent power, the ECL weighed more.

All of this means very little when people are figuring number wrong  to try to get a better compare for what they are using.  You have to use  real figures and not bogus numbers

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 12:25:33 AM
Anyway you cut it a 6.5 engine on the nose ring is lighter than a 12 OZ engine in the same place. All I know is how it relates in the handle. Sure you can get the same thing with IC but directional stability diminishes as you move CG back. I am not the one who brought this up. I have both set ups and I like the IC as well. I am just experimenting with this too see if its going to suit me. Eric brought up the comparison.


Yep  I like both also, and the only thing that really matters is how it works for you, and how you like it, the exercise that is going on for years now on people telling others  how much better  their system is, and your sucks  is  really counter productive, especially when bogus numbers are used and  other don't understand how this related to  moments of inertia. We would all be better off building and practicing more !

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 22, 2013, 12:29:07 AM
I have it on the scale right now motor with wires is 6.6 oz. I guess I will have to dig out my /75 and fill the tank and weigh The stuff all over. But if I remember correctly it was 3 oz heaver in the ready to run mode than the power 25 setup.


Yep  I like both also, and the only thing that really matters is how it works for you, and how you like it, the exercise that is going on for years now on people telling others  how much better  their system is, and your sucks  is  really counter productive, especially when bogus numbers are used and  other don't understand how this related to  moments of inertia. We would all be better off building and practicing more !

Randy

I agree! I like them both there is no comparison as far a torque to a 75.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 12:56:31 AM
I have it on the scale right now motor with wires is 6.6 oz. I guess I will have to dig out my /75 and fill the tank and weigh The stuff all over. But if I remember correctly it was 3 oz heaver in the ready to run mode than the power 25 setup.

I agree! I like them both there is no comparison as far a torque to a 75.


Yep which is why it will spin a 15 inch 3 or 4 blade or the 16.5 inch 2 blade with ease.

Again  so far as the  weights and the  power... you cannot compare a 75 PA  to a E25  not even remotely close, if you want to be close compare it to a 7.9  ounce AT 36, or even a PA 40 at 8.2 ounces which can put out more power.

Again I can compare my PA 51 to an  equilalent E Power motor that weighs 10 ounces and a much heavier battery pack that would be required for that motor.

I ran Eric;s  numbers with  more accurate figures on everything.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                PA 75                                                                                                  E-25
            Moment (contribution to CG), inch-oz   221.4               Moment (contribution to CG), inch-oz   214.45         
            Moment of inertia about CG, inch2-ozm   2275.36               Moment of inertia about CG, inch2-ozm   2238.6   

Much closer but still is a total joke in comparing the 2 when a 7.9 or 8.2 ounce AT or PA  would be closer in power.      
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Eric Viglione on June 22, 2013, 07:50:59 AM
Wow, you two have been busy... some of us need our beauty rest, heh...

Sorry about the numbers, I was going from memory on the 75...  and the 3.1 is not the fuel load silly, it's the weight of an empty magnum metal 8 ounce tank, including plumbing, fuel filter,etc. I was at work, and only spent a few minutes on the excersize.

It was such a joke to me, as Randy points out, comparing my largest IC package to one of the smaller EP packages, that I got sloppy and I apologize. It was close enough in my mind to make the obvious point, that whatever your feeling at the handle is more likely from building a nice light airplane and flying it with a small diameter prop than anything else...

If I really wanted to compare apples to apples I should have chosen the big 5s battery Plettenburg setup to really drive my point home... or gone and wieghed my little PA40 setup which is about right for your size plane... the only difference being, my little PA40 will still have enough power left to reliably pull a 74 ounce Patternmaster through the whole pattern and last for a thousand flights that way if I wanted, because it's within the 40's native tolerance, and the E25 setup as you spec'ed it with that battery, well... couldn't make it through the entire first flight without overheating and shutting down prematurely.

If your still going to throw stones at my numbers Sparky, here's a quote from respected website, fesselflug, for a plane more equivelent to my Katana in size & power:

"Target weight was based on a 63oz plane with 7oz of fuel. The Plettenburg Orbit 30-12 motor weighs 10.7oz (305gm), the Schulze 18.46k F2B ESC weighs 1.5oz.(45gm) The ThunderPower 5S2P 4200 Pro Lite battery weighs 16.7oz.(473gm) The AeroLectric timer-processor board weighs .75oz.(20gm)"

This is probably a more comparible package to a PA75... well, closer anyways. I don't have time to plug in the numbers into the sheet right now, I gotta go flying, but you can just see where this will go, even with Randy's more accurate PA75 numbers. Even at that, I'm still pretty sure this Plett still wouldnt spin the same props as a 75, Randy would know better than I, but it's a lot closer than the E25.

Have fun, as I'm sure the debate will continue in my absence...

EricV
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Mark Scarborough on June 22, 2013, 11:51:44 AM
guys, its not about what prop the endine COULD swing, its about the prop you DO swing,, Random guess, you wont be flying your PA airplane with a 16 inch prop,,

the Eflight 25 setup ( with a 4S pack) is pretty capable of flying a lot of ST 60 sized airplanes,, its not weak by any stretch,, I flew the setup in a 72 oz airplane and while I am not an expert pilot,, I could tell I was not lacking power,,

remember,, it takes x amount of power to fly X airplane through the pattern,, having an abuncance beyond that certainly is great,, but it still only takes the same amount to perform,,,

That being what it is,, the eflight 25 in a 630 tyo 650 inch airplane in mid 60 oz area is a pretty solid combo,,
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 01:13:13 PM
guys, its not about what prop the endine COULD swing, its about the prop you DO swing,, Random guess, you wont be flying your PA airplane with a 16 inch prop,,

the Eflight 25 setup ( with a 4S pack) is pretty capable of flying a lot of ST 60 sized airplanes,, its not weak by any stretch,, I flew the setup in a 72 oz airplane and while I am not an expert pilot,, I could tell I was not lacking power,,

remember,, it takes x amount of power to fly X airplane through the pattern,, having an abuncance beyond that certainly is great,, but it still only takes the same amount to perform,,,

That being what it is,, the eflight 25 in a 630 tyo 650 inch airplane in mid 60 oz area is a pretty solid combo,,

Hi Mark
No one said is wasn't
Power is about what prop it will turn and I do have one I fly with a 16.5 inch prop.  But you missed the point entirely, no one said you had to use any size prop, this was about the ridiculous compare or the PA 75 to the E25 as equals,, they are not
The AT 36 can and has flown 60 sized ships a TP for one, and it can fly even larger planes, The 8.2 ounce Merlin 40 will fly an Impact with ease, as It will turn the exact same prop people use on the VF40 faster.
The point was that the 7.9 or 8.2 ounce motor was more comparable in power than the 12.5 ounce motor.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 22, 2013, 01:52:27 PM
This is all I was saying look close E= engine   F/B = fuel battery


IC  12.5 E  -------6.5 F/B-------->LE------CG =19 OZ

EP  6.5 E  -------12.5 F/B-------->LE------CG =19 OZ

Same weights just the the heavyest weight is closer to the CG. Concentrated weight is what sets up base line. This is not a debate about power or which on is better. Heck this has nothing to do with the title of this thread NOTHING.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Eric Viglione on June 22, 2013, 02:23:35 PM
Hi Sparky, You are quite right, this thread got a little out of hand really, heh heh.

1) It started about a couple missed opportunity at Brodaks, 1st, not wanting to fly the wing gear epower on grass, then not flying the second round flight with the backup IC plane because didn’t have 5% fuel handy and afraid it would run out early…
2) Then it went on to comparative power systems, and weather it would have happened with something else…
3) Then conclusions were made that not being prepared can and will happen no matter what power system you use, then
4) We went on to the advantages of less moments of inertia, and weather some power packages actually had that advantage or not, but
5) Then we found we couldn't compare moments of inertia of power packages without figuring out what was like for like because we were comparing an Epower system in a smaller plane to a the biggest IC in a larger plane...  blah blah blah…

Hahahahahahahahah! Talk about thread drift! Sorry Sparky! These things really do take on a life of their own!

Any who, it still boils down to personal preference, because most of the systems discussed can be designed or trimmed to at least a somewhat similar corner and feel at the handle if you are willing to do the work.
That assumes that any 2 pilots would like or want the same feel at the handle... which is a whole nother story.

You keep saying the heaviest parts on yours are closest to the C/G, and I keep trying to tell you the front mounted motors with all it's weight hanging on the spinner ring makes it a darn near wash, and well within the noise if you compare it to a comparable IC setup (not ideally my 75 and big Katana, say a 40 in a Staris would be a more apple to apple to your current bird). All you have to do is plug the numbers in the spread sheet and play with placement a little and you will see for yourself, If I move your 6.5 ounce motor back to where an IC engine bolts in, then wow, yes, you have a HUGE reduction in moment of inertia.

You like mechanic's terms, ok...Take a pencil and hold it by the pointy end. Put 2 pennies on the pencil a half inch back from the eraser. Remember how that feels pinched between your finger tips, thats the IC engine. Now remove those and take 1 penny and put it out on the eraser itself. Thats the EP. Its a wash. Like Derek said, we can feel the difference of a steel vs/aluminum lock nut on the prop because it's out at the very end of the moment.

Posturing and joking aside, I am truly VERY HAPPY for Sparky that he has a plane now that he really really likes, I know it's been a long and twisted road getting there for him, with many builds he's done since he put up this great forum. Sparky should be very proud that he’s done something not many of us can, and that is build a plane that came out as planned with the exact feel he wants.
I thought his P47 was the cat’s pajamas myself… it made the most visually pleasing corners I thought, regardless of what he was feeling at the handle. Wish I could finish half as nice as one of Sparky's too.

EricV

This is all I was saying look close E= engine   F/B = fuel battery


IC  12.5 E  -------6.5 F/B-------->LE------CG =19 OZ

EP  6.5 E  -------12.5 F/B-------->LE------CG =19 OZ

Same weights just the the heavyest weight is closer to the CG. Concentrated weight is what sets up base line. This is not a debate about power or which on is better. Heck this has nothing to do with the title of this thread NOTHING.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 22, 2013, 02:57:38 PM
Electric is a diffrent animal. Everyone computes power to size. Well with Ep its not or at least not the motor. Power is in the battery. You just need a motor big enough to handle the power from the battery turning a specific prop to keep it from burning up. Took me a while to get this too.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 22, 2013, 03:45:31 PM
This is all I was saying look close E= engine   F/B = fuel battery


IC  12.5 E  -------6.5 F/B-------->LE------CG =19 OZ

EP  6.5 E  -------12.5 F/B-------->LE------CG =19 OZ

Same weights just the the heavyest weight is closer to the CG. Concentrated weight is what sets up base line. This is not a debate about power or which on is better. Heck this has nothing to do with the title of this thread NOTHING.

Hi Sparky
I do know what your saying but...
What happens is this, it gets out of hand and people make wrong analogies and post wrong figures, In my case your nose moment is over an inch longer than mine, advantage me... your fuel weighs much more than my average 3 ounces, advantage me, I never have 6.5 ounces in my plane, and the fuel load gets lighter with each passing lap, you have to adjust for that, or take an average of the fuel.the CG figures must move outwards for yours. my fuel load is back against the rear bulkhead, many EC planes are showed much farther forward.

Also no one seem to want to mention the huge amount of lead in the front of some planes, this is concentrated weight too.
None of this can be argued if you want to try to cherry pick the largest motor, add more weight than it actually weighs, then compare it to the lightest motor you can run in EC.
The bottom line is the airplane design needs to be engineered to match the power train. Larger more powerful stabs and elevators neutralize the added weight to the front.. but IF you look at the inertia figures they are not near as far off as you think, and the lighter IC motor have better concentrated weight figures.
Concentrated weight does NOT only apply to the extreme nose of an airplane, it applies to the entire weight ahead of the CG.... Don't believe me?? concentrate a 25 ounce battery pack at 8 inches and see if it doesn't not make a difference over the 14 ounce battery pack.

Design the plane for the weights and loads it carries is WAY more important than just sticking a 6 ounce motor up front. that can cause its own troubles, as many have found out.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 22, 2013, 11:38:18 PM
Sparky should be very proud that he’s done something not many of us can, and that is build a plane that came out as planned with the exact feel he wants.

in one month!
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 23, 2013, 12:00:16 AM
The point of posting that calculator was to show that for a given CG (moment of the stuff the same for both configurations), the configuration with the stuff closest together has the least moment of inertia.  That's because the moment of inertia contribution of each item increases with the square of distance from the CG.  An item a long way from the CG contributes way more moment of inertia than you'd think it oughta.  Try it.

You can indeed use-- and I did-- a calculation like this to figure out where to put the electric stuff when making an electric version of an IC airplane for which you know the location of engine, tank, pipe, and such.  But you really should figure on a lighter structure and prop for the electric, and it's been lots of folks' experience that the electric CG should be half an inch to an inch forward of the IC CG.  So it gets kinda complicated.

My personal experience has been that the electric stuff is heavier than the IC stuff, and that I've been able to get it to work vastly better than I could ever get the IC stuff to work.  
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Chris Wilson on June 23, 2013, 07:16:25 PM
Never thought of that!  Sure, just move the Battery back beneath the Bellcrank where the CG is located! 

Damn!   Just tried that and now the CG isn't at the BC mount anymore.  Is that OK?  Should I fly it anyway?  Will it fly better now?  What'd I do wrong????

Ted


Hi Ted,
        when I said -
"concentrating the mass around the CG gives far more design flexibility and 'should' result in eventually a better model," you go on to say that you tried it and yet only moved mass rearward, and used that as a basis of criticism?

So I gather that you don't agree that centralizing the mass would be of benefit?

I do, and here we have the opportunity of using truly discreet components, with electric we can seriously use the greater mass of the fuel cell anywhere (within reason) as movable ballast (and this is what I truly got out of Roberts assertions) and that flexibility 'should' result in a better model.

So sure, just move the Battery back beneath the bell crank where the CG is located as long as the CG can be maintained by say perhaps reducing a corresponding amount of weight in the tail. (Just ruminating here outside of the above extreme example, keeping the moments intact and getting weight off the tail may be as simple as sacrificing looks and deleting anything further aft than the elevator hinge line except for the elevator itself of course.)

And how many models need lead in the tail to get the CG just right? Wouldn't it be nice to be able to keep both the lightest wing loading AND maintain the CG by simply shifting a necessary discreet component instead of adding a (possibly) unnecessary lump of lead?

And that is only covering pitch, what about using the battery mass to control roll for the vertical CG and tip weight?

Thanks.




Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 23, 2013, 07:48:04 PM
"So sure, just move the Battery back beneath the bell crank where the CG is located as long as the CG can be maintained by say perhaps reducing a corresponding amount of weight in the tail. (Just ruminating here outside of the above extreme example, keeping the moments intact and getting weight off the tail may be as simple as sacrificing looks and deleting anything further aft than the elevator hinge line except for the elevator itself of course.) "


Sure you can do that, and instead of moving the nose moment for 10 to 11.5 inches, you can now move it out to 18 inches so the plane will balance.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 23, 2013, 07:51:22 PM
"and it's been lots of folks' experience that the electric CG should be half an inch to an inch forward of the IC CG.  So it gets kinda complicated."

Hi Howard

Is this figured with a battery in the EC plane and  no fuel in the IC plane? or are you calculating the IC CG with fuel in it?  I am curious if they are not close to the same place when fueled.

Thanks
Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Chris Wilson on June 23, 2013, 09:14:56 PM
"So sure, just move the Battery back beneath the bell crank where the CG is located as long as the CG can be maintained by say perhaps reducing a corresponding amount of weight in the tail. (Just ruminating here outside of the above extreme example, keeping the moments intact and getting weight off the tail may be as simple as sacrificing looks and deleting anything further aft than the elevator hinge line except for the elevator itself of course.) "


Sure you can do that, and instead of moving the nose moment for 10 to 11.5 inches, you can now move it out to 18 inches so the plane will balance.

Randy

Hi Randy,
                I am talking about mass redistribution and the lessening of the moment of inertia not arm length.

If you 'could' reasonably redistribute the mass more around the CG without changing its location, and here the battery pack is a darn good start, would you not entertain a new model design to suit?
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Howard Rush on June 23, 2013, 10:21:15 PM
"and it's been lots of folks' experience that the electric CG should be half an inch to an inch forward of the IC CG.  So it gets kinda complicated."

Hi Howard

Is this figured with a battery in the EC plane and  no fuel in the IC plane? or are you calculating the IC CG with fuel in it?  I am curious if they are not close to the same place when fueled.

I used half a tank of fuel in the IC plane and a battery in the electric.  For 4 oz. of fuel to move the CG of a 64-oz. airplane an inch, the center of the tank would have to be 16" forward of the new CG, wouldn't it?
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 23, 2013, 10:45:12 PM
Hi Randy,
                I am talking about mass redistribution and the lessening of the moment of inertia not arm length.

If you 'could' reasonably redistribute the mass more around the CG without changing its location, and here the battery pack is a darn good start, would you not entertain a new model design to suit?


Chris
Do you realize how very very short the tail moment would have to be if you moved the battery into the wing and moved the el motor back?

I think it would be a very funny looking stunt plane..unless you added lead ballast to the nose so you could get a normal looking fuse.

Maybe you could draw one up and show us?  maybe a short nose , short tail StuntWagon???

Regards
Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RandySmith on June 23, 2013, 10:51:57 PM
I used half a tank of fuel in the IC plane and a battery in the electric.  For 4 oz. of fuel to move the CG of a 64-oz. airplane an inch, the center of the tank would have to be 16" forward of the new CG, wouldn't it?

Hi Howard

Thanks I was curious if you were just going by the plan CG for an IC Impact, then measuring the EL one with battery..thanks you answered my question. I have not checked the spread sheet on the 4 ozs of fuel distance, but I do know a 1 ounce spinner washer moves it a bunch.  I have an average of less than 3 ounces of fuel in mine,
 and 5 3/4 oz doesn't seem to make a huge difference in the plane.  I need to go and measure my ship again, with a full load of fuel and see exactly how much it does move.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 05:47:17 AM
I am not sure if I will word this correct but..

People are concerned on how much more forward the CG is on electric instead of thinking maybe the IC is farther back than necessary. This is due to the heavyest part being farther forward. On a IC you move the CG back to get the turn rate you want but the farther back you move the CG you loose directional stability.

The next thing you have to negate and be able to attain is a gross weight that will allow a super turn. A light airplane with a farther forward CG is more stable for me than a heaver plane with a farther back CG to get the same turn rate.

I am sure with this last plane I built and learning what the package is capable of achieving in the feel of the aircraft the next evolution will even be better. Its not the turn rate I am looking for anyway its the feel.
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Doug Moon on June 24, 2013, 07:55:24 AM
Its not the turn rate I am looking for anyway its the feel.

And.....that is exactly what you should be looking for. 
Title: Re: Hind sight
Post by: Ted Fancher on June 24, 2013, 12:01:20 PM
Hi Ted,
        when I said -
"concentrating the mass around the CG gives far more design flexibility and 'should' result in eventually a better model," you go on to say that you tried it and yet only moved mass rearward, and used that as a basis of criticism?

So I gather that you don't agree that centralizing the mass would be of benefit?

I do, and here we have the opportunity of using truly discreet components, with electric we can seriously use the greater mass of the fuel cell anywhere (within reason) as movable ballast (and this is what I truly got out of Roberts assertions) and that flexibility 'should' result in a better model.

So sure, just move the Battery back beneath the bell crank where the CG is located as long as the CG can be maintained by say perhaps reducing a corresponding amount of weight in the tail. (Just ruminating here outside of the above extreme example, keeping the moments intact and getting weight off the tail may be as simple as sacrificing looks and deleting anything further aft than the elevator hinge line except for the elevator itself of course.)

And how many models need lead in the tail to get the CG just right? Wouldn't it be nice to be able to keep both the lightest wing loading AND maintain the CG by simply shifting a necessary discreet component instead of adding a (possibly) unnecessary lump of lead?

And that is only covering pitch, what about using the battery mass to control roll for the vertical CG and tip weight?

Thanks.



Just being facetious, Chris.

One of the fascinating aspects of the amp/ohm breed is the flexibility (as you suggest) for experimentation the fixed mass hardware opens up.  Thus far, however, I've not seen any substantively different aerodynamic layouts that have turned judges' heads.

I've never been a person who championed the "zero ounce per square foot wing loading" as the pathway to stunt nirvana, believing that a balance between mass, lift and control response is more important.  The wing loading of major championship winning aircraft over the several decades of my involvement provides thought provoking, if not compelling, evidence for that perspective.

My gut feeling is that the damping provided by mass at the extremes will ultimately prove to be desirable for precision maneuvering by control systems other than those driven by complex intel directed inputs.  Thus far I've seen no substantial innovation in the layout of even the most competitive examples.  I'm the first to admit, however, that my current state of activity and, therefore, first hand exposure limits the landscape of my perspective.

I fly very little any more and only have a few hops on other peoples' electrics--none of which appeared to exhibit significant breakthroughs in terms of performance although most were "solid" stunt ships.

On the other hand I've judged  quite a bit since the "revolution" including a number of guys who have been "top guns" with whatever they fly.  Thus far I've not seen anything I consider to be breakthroughs in scoring as a result. 

It is, of course, early in the revolution.



Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Ted Fancher on June 24, 2013, 12:18:41 PM
Just a quick thought.

There are almost literally thousands of examples of CL aircraft that display exactly the parameters that Chris, Robert and others are discussing.  Mass and CG concentrated in almost exactly the same place with wing loadings as close to zero as is likely possible. 

They're called combat ships.  The fuel cell right on the CG and the motive force pushed back as close to it as possible.  The two units, power and fuel, probably comprise...what, Howard, 60% or more of the total TOGW?

Yup, they turn on a dime but pretty much need to have that streamer trailing behind to be even remotely capable of precision maneuvers.

Is this the future of stunt design envisioned by the event's leaders in the amp/ohm era?  Not trying to be snarky here, it's just the most logical destination of the train Sparky is conducting.

Ted
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 12:31:05 PM
Just a quick thought.

There are almost literally thousands of examples of CL aircraft that display exactly the parameters that Chris, Robert and others are discussing.  Mass and CG concentrated in almost exactly the same place with wing loadings as close to zero as is likely possible. 

They're called combat ships.  The fuel cell right on the CG and the motive force pushed back as close to it as possible.  The two units, power and fuel, probably comprise...what, Howard, 60% or more of the total TOGW?

Yup, they turn on a dime but pretty much need to have that streamer trailing behind to be even remotely capable of precision maneuvers.

Is this the future of stunt design envisioned by the event's leaders in the amp/ohm era?  Not trying to be snarky here, it's just the most logical destination of the train Sparky is conducting.

Ted


Or..... a StuntWagon with the nose and tail moment shortened !! :-)

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 04:19:24 PM
Is this the future of stunt design envisioned by the event's leaders in the amp/ohm era?  Not trying to be snarky here, it's just the most logical destination of the train Sparky is conducting.
Ted

True you are a NATS winner and I have no clue of what I am talking about but I will let you fly this combat ship with out a streamer and you tell me if it performs as I state. LL~ Rock solid level flight and combat turn with little input.

The next ship will have a faster control system in it and this one is already sped up as fast as I can make it with the 4 inch bell crank system already installed.

I need to get back to the field after last nights steaminf session. I had a slight twist in the inboard wing and some positive instance in the stab. After about 3 hours of steaming everything is straight and it should act much better. I was compensating for the wing with .5 oz of wing tip weight and I am hoping to take half of that out. But this will be a trial and error call. I might also need to remake the battery holder to move it up or down again. For me its hard to tell from the inside of the circle exactly whats happening with the airplane. But Fortunately I have a Gort eye in Ron OToole to spot these issues.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Chris Wilson on June 24, 2013, 04:53:52 PM

Or..... a StuntWagon with the nose and tail moment shortened !! :-)

Randy

Hi Randy,
                you must admit that is an extreme example mate.

I have seen an electric (glow converted design) model with the battery pushed back as far as the front of the bell crank and the owner mumbling to himself that he wished that he could push it back even further. And the model has the same moments as the ST 46 glow version and still flew very well as electric with a rearward battery pack.

Anyway, I see the point of maintaining the length of the moment arms for smoothness - I 'get' it.

But I can't help but feel that movable ballast must eventually be used as an aid - canard Blue Pants anyone?


Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 07:59:48 PM
Hi Randy,
                you must admit that is an extreme example mate.

I have seen an electric (glow converted design) model with the battery pushed back as far as the front of the bell crank and the owner mumbling to himself that he wished that he could push it back even further. And the model has the same moments as the ST 46 glow version and still flew very well as electric with a rearward battery pack.

Anyway, I see the point of maintaining the length of the moment arms for smoothness - I 'get' it.

But I can't help but feel that movable ballast must eventually be used as an aid - canard Blue Pants anyone?




Hi Chris  

LOL  maybe a little extreme, and it is good to have flexibility in designs, I just don't
 see much to gain in putting the battery at the CG on a conventional single engine stunt ship...maybe a twin would benefit?   or   yes  a  canard !!   ;D ;D ;D


Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 08:02:37 PM
"The next ship will have a faster control system in it and this one is already sped up as fast as I can make it with the 4 inch bell crank system already installed."


Uhhggg  !   I would  really try to discourage  anyone who was trying to make really fast control setup in their stunt ships, This cause  many problem of control, stability and big problems in the wwind, as you would need to push the CG even farther forward, and run a very nose heavy ship..

Regards
Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Serge_Krauss on June 24, 2013, 08:22:08 PM
Posted from my wife's laptop. My computer has been fried for over a week now, with possible loss of 10 month's of some unbacked files, including some aero stuff. So...

'sorry I missed this thread. A couple thoughts though. Even though "We don't need no st-e-e-e-nking  math," a question - implied or otherwise - requiring an engineering solution will finally show that comparisons require it. 'doesn't matter how the topic is broached. Engineering topics have long been banished to "the south forty", to avoid these arguments that offend some. Regardless of ho a question - implied or otherwise - is phrased, it may just require a technical approach. The thread is good though, as long as feathers remain unruffled. So, yeah, insert the right data in those spreadsheets. Choice of the Main forum doesn't change that.

SK
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 09:01:24 PM
Uhhggg  !   I would  really try to discourage  anyone who was trying to make really fast control setup in their stunt ships, This cause  many problem of control, stability and big problems in the wwind, as you would need to push the CG even farther forward, and run a very nose heavy ship..
Regards
Randy


That's what makes this Hobby go around I can run what I want. I know how to make it work. If I remember and I do Didn't Jimmy Castle win the Nat's with a plane and a 3 inch bell crank? I had 2 of his airplanes with that set up.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Chris Wilson on June 24, 2013, 09:18:28 PM
Hi Chris 

LOL  maybe a little extreme, and it is good to have flexibility in designs, I just DO see much to gain in putting the battery at the CG on a conventional single engine stunt ship...maybe a twin would benefit?   or   yes  a  canard !!   ;D ;D ;D


Randy

Typo mate? 'Cause if its not I'm really confused as to where you stand!! :P
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 09:40:50 PM
Hi Chris
yep a typo  I meant don't   ;D

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 09:51:09 PM

That's what makes this Hobby go around I can run what I want. I know how to make it work. If I remember and I do Didn't Jimmy Castle win the Nat's with a plane and a 3 inch bell crank? I had 2 of his airplanes with that set up.

Yes you are correct, you can run whatever you want, matters  not to me, I am just trying to give  good advice.....If you run a nose heavy plane however, you will need to fly huge amounts of practice, Like Jimmy did.
You will also have to be very careful in high winds so you do not have the plane pushed into the ground, like Jimmy did. THe high winds will loads the controls of that type setup and at some points you will  not be able to put enough control input to keep it out of the ground. That is a fact and it is just one you will need to be careful in winds.
 ;D ;D ;D

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 10:02:12 PM
Yes you are correct, you can run whatever you want, matters  not to me, I am just trying to give  good advice.....If you run a nose heavy plane however, you will need to fly huge amounts of practice, Like Jimmy did.
You will also have to be very careful in high winds so you do not have the plane pushed into the ground, like Jimmy did. THe high winds will loads the controls of that type setup and at some points you will  not be able to put enough control input to keep it out of the ground. That is a fact and it is just one you will need to be careful in winds.
 ;D ;D ;D

Randy

I had many planes with 3 inch bell cranks in them. They work perfect! Bigger is not better it's just bigger.

The 4 inch bell crank came into being because of the heavy nose weight. Everyone thinking they need to over power the wight by leavering it. I don't have that feeling of all that concentrated weight. It was a trimming tool same with lowering the lead outs. You are right , I will never be right, You win but I will do it my way anyway.

Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Chris Wilson on June 24, 2013, 10:17:28 PM
And here's me thinking that bigger crank arms were about linearity of controls and less stress on linkages.

Didn't know about it battling CG issues.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 10:18:40 PM
The 4 inch bell crank came into being because of the heavy nose weight. Everyone thinking they need to over power the wight by leavering it. I don't have that feeling of all that concentrated weight. You are right , I will never be right, You win but I will do it my way anyway.



HI Sparky     I didn't win anything, just posting my opinion and advice ,as I said I was just giving advice, and Yes you can do it your way.
 I have zero problems with that, and neither does..or should, anyone else. As you say we all can do it  however we like.
 I have use 4, 4.5 and 4.75 inch bellcranks, They  did NOT go into my plane because of weight, nose weight, or heavy weight,
They went in because the planes were larger, and the had much larger control surfaces, they generated much more force, and the larger bellcranks went in for the same reason I used a  2 inch bellcrank in 1/2 A  ships, and some 15 size ships, the 35 to 40 ships got 3 and 3.5 inch bellcranks, the larger ships naturally got the larger cranks, because of the airplane size and loads, NOT because of  the nose weight or concentrated weight.
I have many 60 size stuntships that had 8 ounce 54s..., 8.2 ounce  64s,  8.5 ounce 71s. they have a lower amount of inertia in the nose than an EC  ship, but I still used the larger cranks.  This helps  keep the handle inputs reasonable.
You could, if you want use a 3.5 or a 3 inch bellcrank to help speed up your controls, that would be one way to accomplish that, however you do it, and it feels right, and performs well for you is all  that matters


Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 10:20:36 PM
And here's me thinking that bigger crank arms were about linearity of controls and less stress on linkages.

Didn't know about it battling CG issues.

Its the same with the 1.5 inch horns. Slow the controls down so you can run a aft CG. Levrage the nose weight. You can run a nose heavy airplane if the gross weight is light. For the last 20 years I have been building larger airplanes and I know what control inputs it takes on my airplanes. I choose to go in a diffrent direction now. Not giving advice to anyone. Please don't follow me I would rather be on this path alone. I know where I want to end up.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 10:48:28 PM
Hi Sparky 
I am not using the 1.5 inch horns  either,    I use  1.25 inch  on both  35  and 65  sized airplanes. Using the 1.5 inch slows down my controls too  much, and I would have to move the output hole out farther on the bellcrank to compensate.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 10:50:40 PM
Hi Sparky  
I am not using the 1.5 inch horns  either,    I use  1.25 inch  on both  35  and 65  sized airplanes. Using the 1.5 inch slows down my controls too  much, and I would have to move the output hole out farther on the bellcrank to compensate.

Randy

I did not say you were. I am stating how the 4 inch bell crank came to being. It came into existence because of trim issues. Just like lowering the lead outs to be in line with the pipe. Whats good for one setup is not always best for something totally diffrent.

I know the definition of insanity and I don't want to keep doing the same thing over and over expecting diffrent results. So I am headed a diffrent direction. Not to say I could not make it work with IC cause I have in the past.

The feel I am looking for will be reached by lighter power planting.

I am looking to drop at least 4 more oz off the next plane. The new setup will be a AXI 2826/12 and a 10 OZ TP 5 cell battery. That cuts 2.5 more oz off the nose. If I did nothing else to my plane it would drop gross weight to 57 OZ but on the next one I need to find a few more OZ to cut. I WILL NOTICE a performance change from where I am at now.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 24, 2013, 11:05:43 PM
I did not say you were. I am stating how the 4 inch bell crank came to being. It came into existence because of trim issues. Just like lowering the lead outs to be in line with the pipe. Whats good for one setup is not always best for something totally diffrent.

I know the definition of insanity and I don't want to keep doing the same thing over and over expecting diffrent results. So I am headed a diffrent direction. Not to say I could not make it work with IC cause I have in the past.



I did not say you said that, I was agreeing with you, There was no way you could have known what I used, thus my post giving the info. This was not a jab or an argument, simply information.  I use 1.25 inch horns, not because of any trim issues, either horns nor bellcranks, The leadouts  ,as you stated ,were moved to keep trim perfect, on some of my ships, other use dead center of the tip. It is important that it is on the Vert CG.
And sure you could make it work with IC, and even better as you could have a lower moment of inertia with a super light IC setup.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 24, 2013, 11:18:06 PM
And sure you could make it work with IC,and even better as you could have a lower moment of inertia with a super light IC setup.

Randy

Well this is my last post on this subject. I had a 48 oz piped plane and it DID NOT feel like this one. This years plane is 10 OZ heavier at 58. So if your saying that my IC was lighter on the nose it did not feel like it. It had the same feeling I have been fighting for the last 20 years. It also had a shorter nose same tail moment as I am flying now. Approx same wing area. I had also converted it to Electric before crashing it. It crashed due to mechanical failure. My mistake in poor retro fitting the fire wall.

This being said on how it equates into handle feel if this has higher numbers it don't feel like it of act like it.

All the numbers on paper and all the speculation mean nothing. What means something to me is how it feels.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Trostle on June 25, 2013, 12:13:31 AM
I am stating how the 4 inch bell crank came to being. It came into existence because of trim issues. Just like lowering the lead outs to be in line with the pipe.
 

Well, one of the first to campaign the idea of 4" bellcranks was Bob Baron who in turn, was a disciple of Bill Netzeband's work.  Baron successfully campaigned his Avanti II which was one of the first, if not the first plans published showing a 4" bellcrank  (FM, Feb 81).  The reason for the larger bellcrank was to reduce control system loads for the flap and elevator deflections necessary for the desired turns.  Something about the so called Netzeband Wall.  It had nothing to do with trimming a nose heavy model.

I guess, however, it stands to reason if the model is trimmed nose heavy, it will take more control force to turn a corner and a larger bellcrank will help reduce the forces needed to do so.  Nevertheless, a larger bellcrank has its advantages, even if the model is not trimmed nose heavy for whatever reason desired by its pilot.

And leadouts need to be properly oriented to the vertical CG of the model, not necessarily dependent on the position of the tuned pipe.

Just saying.

Keith
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Howard Rush on June 25, 2013, 01:08:34 AM
You are flying an airplane on the end of lines made springy both by elasticity and sag due to drag.  The less the lines move per degree of control deflection and the lighter the airplane, the more effect the line springiness has, and the drag part gets really nonlinear and yucky near the Netzeband Wall.  I wrote a program to calculate this stuff a year or so ago.  I'll write it up one of these days.  Although I can't show you numbers yet without some effort, I think that a big, light stunt plane with a 3" bellcrank that doesn't move much relative to the flaps will be difficult to fly accurately. 
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 05:58:06 AM
I have not written a paper nor do I have a program or math equation to prove my theory. All I have is the last 20 years of building all sorts of airplanes that have the same thing in common. I know how the input at the handle feels. Some say the electric has a number of inertia that is higher than IC. OK great I am not flying the paper.

I think that the sound barrier was impenetrable too by math at one time.So just because its written doen't make it so.

With only a high school education, he was challenged by the advanced academics but managed to graduate.“Because of my flying ability,” he later explained “they took mercy on my academics.” In June 1947 Colonel Boyd made one of the most important decisions of his career when he chose one of his most junior test pilots to attempt to become the first person to exceed the speed of sound in the rocket-powered Bell XS-1. He chose Yeager because he considered him the best “instinctive” pilot he had ever seen and he had demonstrated an extraordinary capacity to remain calm and focused in stressful situations. The X-1 program certainly promised to be stressful; many EXPERTS believed the so-called “sound barrier” was impenetrable. Yeager and the rest of the small Air Force test team met at Muroc in late July.
 
After three glide flights in the Bell XS-1 rocket research plane which he named Glamorous Glennis, he flew it to a speed of 0.85 Mach on his first powered flight on 29 August. He encountered severe buffeting and sudden nose-up and -down trim changes during his next six flights. Then, during his eighth flight on 10 Oct., he lost pitch control altogether, as a shock wave formed along the hingeline of the X-1 elevator. He reached Mach 0.997 but without pitch control it would have been foolhardy to proceed. The X-1 had been designed with a moving horizontal tail and Capt Jack Ridley convinced Yeager that by changing its angle of incidence in small increments, he could control the craft without having to rely on the elevator. This had never been attempted at extremely high speeds but Yeager was game to give it a try on the next flight.

On 14 Oct. he dropped away from the B-29, fired all four chambers of his engine in rapid sequence and bolted away from the launch aircraft. Accelerating upward, he shut down two chambers and tested the moveable tail as his Machmeter registered numbers of 0.83, .88 and 0.92. Moved in small increments, it provided effective control. He reached an indicated Mach number of 0.92 as he leveled out at 42,000 feet and relit a third chamber of his engine. The X-1 Glamorous Glennis rapidly accelerated to 0.98 Mach and then, at 43,000 feet, the needle on his Machmeter jumped off the scale.
 
Chuck Yeager had just crossed the invisible threshold to flight faster than the speed of sound. He attained a top speed of Mach 1.06 (700 mph). When Yeager’s achievement was finally declassified in June of 1948, he was quickly accorded celebrity status as “The Fastest Man Alive,” and was awarded the most prestigious honors in aviation. The words accompanying the Collier Trophy aptly summarized the magnitude of his flight: “This is an epochal achievement in the history of world aviation–the greatest since the first successful flight of the original Wright Brothers’ airplane, forty-five years ago.”
 Good thing these guys didnt know about the Netzban wall.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Derek Barry on June 25, 2013, 06:06:36 AM
You are flying an airplane on the end of lines made springy both by elasticity and sag due to drag.  The less the lines move per degree of control deflection and the lighter the airplane, the more effect the line springiness has, and the drag part gets really nonlinear and yucky near the Netzeband Wall.  I wrote a program to calculate this stuff a year or so ago.  I'll write it up one of these days.  Although I can't show you numbers yet without some effort, I think that a big, light stunt plane with a 3" bellcrank that doesn't move much relative to the flaps will be difficult to fly accurately. 

I don't need a program to tell me that, just a little common sense.

Small hand movement = Big control surface movement = bad.

And the elasticity, sag, and drag is greatly reduced by using solids.

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 06:13:05 AM
I don't need a program to tell me that, just a little common sense.
 Derek

common sense Key factor
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Howard Rush on June 25, 2013, 10:57:57 AM
I don't need a program to tell me that, just a little common sense.

Having no common sense myself, I resort to calculation.  Gary Letsinger, from whom I learn something every time I talk to him, said (approximately), "The most important thing you get from calculation is insight, not answers."    This line stretchiness exercise has been pretty revealing so far, but I have more work to do.  Meanwhile, I'm putting a 5" bellcrank in my next dog, and it will move through a big angle. 
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Doug Moon on June 25, 2013, 11:01:40 AM
I have not written a paper nor do I have a program or math equation to prove my theory.

Why do you constantly tell us this?


...Capt Jack Ridley convinced Yeager that by changing its angle of incidence in small increments, he could control the craft without having to rely on the elevator. This had never been attempted at extremely high speeds but Yeager was game to give it a try on the next flight....

A little tidbit for you here…

From Wikipedia…

“Colonel Jackie Linwood "Jack" Ridley (June 16, 1915 – March 12, 1957) was an aeronautical engineer, USAF test pilot and chief of the air force's Flight Test Engineering Laboratory. He helped develop and test many cold war era military aircraft but is best known for his work on the Bell X-1, the first aircraft to achieve supersonic flight. He was highly respected among fellow test pilots, most notably Chuck Yeager, for his engineering skills.”

Me again,

When Capt Ridley told Yeager what to do next he was getting that from his aeronautical engineering and ability to understand what was going on during the flight based on Yeager’s description by his feel. One of the main factors as to why Chuck Yeager was so successful on that world record setting flight, and many others, was because he and the engineers worked together.  They listened and trusted him with their design and he trusted them with his life.  They worked together. Yeager, an exceptional pilot with great feel and instinct, told him what he was feeling.  They, the engineers, figured out what was happening and then told him how to combat the issue with the built in features of the aircraft.

Chuck didn’t just blow off the “smart” guys because they weren’t in the plane and holding the stick.  He listened, trusted, and applied what they said and BOOM the sound barrier was broken….
 
The same can be done here in CLPA, I know because I have done it.  I learned about moment of inertia a long time ago due to a Saito powered model with a short moment and what it was telling me was happening.  I described what I was feeling at the handle and laid out the particulars of the setup.  The engineers on the board at the time broke down what was happening and why I was feeling what I was feeling.  There were several opinions about what was going on.  There were several ideas to try.  With ONE change the model became one of the best flying planes I have ever built, that includes last year’s winner.  That one change enforced the opinion that it was the moment of inertia in this case that was causing the issue.  Their postings also helped me to understand why the other changes I had made did not in fact work. I was also wondering if the smart math guys were getting beaten to death by my questions and descriptions after flight tests.  But I forged ahead until I had some very SMALL amount of understanding of the subject.

This is not some battle about who is right and who is wrong.  That’s proven on the circle.  It’s an exchange of information about an activity we all love to participate in together.  Tossing the win or lose attitude and setting one’s mind to understanding “why” I feel what I feel on the handle will only yield further successes in the future.  Refusing to try can severely limits one success as they may think something is causing the “feeling” they are receiving on the handle but in fact it is another opposing reason all together and the same problem may be built right into the next model.

Had I not chosen to ask the “EXPERTS” what the issue was, and stayed with it until I understood what they were telling me, there is no way I would have found the solution to my problem. I was looking at another hanger queen at that point, and months of wasted time and energy. I was simply not looking in the right spot as the feeling was telling me one thing but my limited understanding of the issue at that point was telling me to look somewhere else to cure my problem.  
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Derek Barry on June 25, 2013, 11:59:47 AM
Having no common sense myself, I resort to calculation.  Gary Letsinger, from whom I learn something every time I talk to him, said (approximately), "The most important thing you get from calculation is insight, not answers."    This line stretchiness exercise has been pretty revealing so far, but I have more work to do.  Meanwhile, I'm putting a 5" bellcrank in my next dog, and it will move through a big angle. 

 That is a very good quote, unfortunately I am just too lazy to put that much effort into understanding the "why".

Did you test solids or just braids?

5" bellcrank.   WOW!

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Howard Rush on June 25, 2013, 12:05:09 PM
I haven't measured solids yet, but I want to.  I was arranging to borrow some to measure, but I got distracted painting a stunt plane or something. 
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Derek Barry on June 25, 2013, 12:15:26 PM
I haven't measured solids yet, but I want to.  I was arranging to borrow some to measure, but I got distracted painting a stunt plane or something. 

You have a new one on the paint stand? In only one year's time? I don't believe it.

Derek

Before the fire we had a 5000' roll of stainless solids. I would have been more than happy to donate some in the name of science. Not sure if I have any old lines hanging around any more. I use the carbon steel now I wonder if there is any difference in the two when it comes to strength.

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Howard Rush on June 25, 2013, 12:20:08 PM
Back to inertia:

Just a quick thought.

There are almost literally thousands of examples of CL aircraft that display exactly the parameters that Chris, Robert and others are discussing.  Mass and CG concentrated in almost exactly the same place with wing loadings as close to zero as is likely possible.  

They're called combat ships.  The fuel cell right on the CG and the motive force pushed back as close to it as possible.  The two units, power and fuel, probably comprise...what, Howard, 60% or more of the total TOGW?

Yup, they turn on a dime but pretty much need to have that streamer trailing behind to be even remotely capable of precision maneuvers.

Is this the future of stunt design envisioned by the event's leaders in the amp/ohm era?  Not trying to be snarky here, it's just the most logical destination of the train Sparky is conducting.

Ted

One thing I noticed when I first flew a good stunt plane was that it's a lot easier to fly stunt with than a combat plane is.  

Actually, I don't think that's the destination of Sparky's train.  I pick on you and Robert when you get the theory backward, but experiment leads you in the right direction, and I suspect that it's leading Robert in the right direction.  There may well be an optimal moment of inertia for a given stunter, and maybe it's not the minimum.  

Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Derek Barry on June 25, 2013, 12:30:56 PM
Back to inertia:

  There may well be an optimal moment of inertia for a given stunter, and maybe it's not the minimum.  



Bingo!

Derek
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 25, 2013, 12:40:50 PM
You have a new one on the paint stand? In only one year's time? I don't believe it.

Derek

Before the fire we had a 5000' roll of stainless solids. I would have been more than happy to donate some in the name of science. Not sure if I have any old lines hanging around any more. I use the carbon steel now I wonder if there is any difference in the two when it comes to strength.

Derek

Yes the carbon steel ones are stronger

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 25, 2013, 12:53:36 PM
Well this is my last post on this subject. I had a 48 oz piped plane and it DID NOT feel like this one. This years plane is 10 OZ heavier at 58. So if your saying that my IC was lighter on the nose it did not feel like it. It had the same feeling I have been fighting for the last 20 years. It also had a shorter nose same tail moment as I am flying now. Approx same wing area. I had also converted it to Electric before crashing it. It crashed due to mechanical failure. My mistake in poor retro fitting the fire wall.

This being said on how it equates into handle feel if this has higher numbers it don't feel like it of act like it.

All the numbers on paper and all the speculation mean nothing. What means something to me is how it feels.


I agree on the light part, my planes of the size you have are 48 to 54 ounces in weight at the same size or larger  (640 to 655 sq in.), and they had 8 to 9 ounce motors in them, used 4.7 to 5 ounces of fuel, very light weight ahead of the CG.  Maybe one of the lightest planes I have seen in a while, other than Scott Bair's, was Contrata's   SATONA, and at 48 ounces  it had a very low moment of inertia... I will also say the same plane has flown extremely well  at 54 and  60 ounces!!   The 60 ounce  version  had a blinding corner.
I can tell you this, using very fast controls on the  exact same plane results in a "totally"  different airplane, in how it feels and how it flys. And does feel like it has a very fast "combat plane"  turn to it.
I did not say  your  ic ship was lighter at the nose, No way I could know that for sure, but mine of the same approx size  are. Using the IC motors..2 of these used mufflers, not pipes, 1 can use either.
At any rate, you know what you want, and what you need to do to get it,,and I will be waiting to see how this program progresses, It will be informative and interesting to say the least. I will see part of it at the NATs  this year.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 25, 2013, 01:03:37 PM
one other thought  the moment of inertia,  weight of the nose of any airplane  means  squat  if you do not  consider  the opposite end... wing area etc...  in other words  you can put a ultra light 5 ounce motor in the nose, and use the same stab elev. and moment of a Dolphin... the 12 ounce battery at the rear bulkhead will kill it.
Plane design has to take into account  the entire matrix of the stunter. and the design needs to be optimized  for that, instead of worrying about only 1 thing.
I do much the same when I design a plane that is to use an 11 ounce motor, and ones that are to use 7 , 8 , or 9 ounce motors.

My opinion, other may well  vary  8)   which is  OK  with me

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Howard Rush on June 25, 2013, 01:35:48 PM
Plane design has to take into account  the entire matrix of the stunter. and the design needs to be optimized  for that, instead of worrying about only 1 thing.

I spent a decade trying to convice people of that for airliners.  I had only limited success.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 01:37:40 PM
I do not expect much at the NATS as I have had only but a few flights this year. Went out this morning and it was a Gail wind. So what ever happens happens.


I agree on the light part, my planes of the size you have are 48 to 54 ounces in weight at the same size or larger  (640 to 655 sq in.), and they had 8 to 9 ounce motors in them, used 4.7 to 5 ounces of fuel, very light weight ahead of the CG.

Well a PA .65 dont weigh 8-9 oz it weighs 11.7 less header less pipe. If it weighed 6.5 I would use it. Of coarse I am wrong as always.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 01:53:15 PM
They called Tesla a nut and he talked to the wall Just as I am doing here. Have fun with spread sheets numbers and theory's. If you don't build a lot of models in diffrent configurations you will not get the feeling first hand. Once again I am not saying Electric is better. All I have ever tried to say in the last 10 years is that the baseline characteristics are set in weight and all the figures and graphs and opinions will not change that fact.

People are so closed mind its has become a waste of time to express this. Weight don't matter so build it heavy please.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Doug Moon on June 25, 2013, 02:00:12 PM
Robert,

You said somewhere in this thread the planes of recent past have not given you the "feel" you want but the new rig is going in the right direction as far as feel goes.

If you don't mind my asking, what is the "feel" you are after?  Can you describe it?
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 02:02:57 PM
Robert,

You said somewhere in this thread the planes of recent past have not given you the "feel" you want but the new rig is going in the right direction as far as feel goes.

If you don't mind my asking, what is the "feel" you are after?  Can you describe it?

The tug in the nose is gone. And please don't try to tell me its how is set up. Cause its not that its the concentrated weight behind the spinner.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 25, 2013, 02:03:51 PM
I do not expect much at the NATS as I have had only but a few flights this year. Went out this morning and it was a Gail wind. So what ever happens happens.

Well a PA .65 dont weigh 8-9 oz it weighs 11.7 less header less pipe. If it weighed 6.5 I would use it. Of coarse I am wrong as always.

Never said it did, but I do have planes in them with 8 ounce 64s,  8 ounce  54s, 7.9 ounce 36s, 8.5 ounce  74s and many other very light motors. I also have a pretty light 88, and  a  light 91
My point was about  the entire matrix of a stuntship needs to be taken into account, and by the  way I do not like the tug in the nose...my planes do not have that, they turn very easy, stop instantly and are very easy to turn, many people like Eric, Curt, Derek , Billy and others have flown my planes

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 02:06:13 PM
I am tired do it any way you want.
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RandySmith on June 25, 2013, 02:09:36 PM
When the IC weight comes down under 9 OZ that feeling will start to go away.

My planes do not not have that feeling  with my 7.9 IC , 8 ounce IC   10 ounce IC or  11.25 IC engines, so fortunately for me I am not fighting that.

Randy
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: RC Storick on June 25, 2013, 02:14:13 PM
 HB~> HB~> I'm done  HB~> HB~>
Title: Re: Hind sight Topic: CG discussions for IC/E power
Post by: Steve Helmick on June 25, 2013, 09:57:22 PM
I would suggest building a simple model...an HLG...with a replaceable nose. One short with a lot of weight, and one long with a little weight. Same CG for both. See which one flies better at the same total weight. I'm really not sure what the results will be, but I know what the engineers into free flight said would happen.  H^^ Steve